Tumours: location and spread distinguish the models
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| benign tumour/bɪˈnaɪn ˈtjuːmə/ | גידום שפיר |
| malignant tumour/məˈlɪɡnənt ˈtjuːmə/ | גידום סרטני |
What would explain this observation?
- An abnormal cell growth can remain contained or invade other tissues. The word tumour alone does not specify whether a growth is malignant.
Build the model
- Cancer results from cell changes leading to uncontrolled growth and division.
- A benign tumour 良性肿瘤 is an abnormal growth contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and does not invade other parts of the body.
- Malignant tumour 恶性肿瘤 cells are cancerous: they invade neighbouring tissue and can spread in blood to form secondary tumours elsewhere.
- benign tumour: An abnormal growth contained in one area without invasion of other body parts.
- malignant tumour: A cancerous growth whose cells can invade and spread.
Which feature distinguishes malignant from benign in this model?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Benign tumours stay in one place; malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissue and can spread to form secondary tumours. Every lump contains cells with nuclei - that says nothing about malignancy.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- Uncontrolled division is different from normal regulated growth, repair and replacement.
- Lifestyle risk factors and inherited genetic risk factors can contribute to cancer risk, often with several factors interacting.
- A diagram of spread is a model of a mechanism, not a clinical diagnosis from appearance.
In the lab: Use a fictional sequence showing contained growth, invasion and movement to a distant site. Label a primary site and secondary growth without confusing the latter with a new unrelated origin. For data comparisons, state how cases were identified and which population and interval were observed.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: a fictional image series records model abnormal-cell counts of 20, 40 and 80 at equal intervals.
- Each interval shows a twofold increase.
- The trend describes these counts, but neither rapid increase nor size alone tells whether cells invade neighbouring tissue; that requires separate evidence.
Your turn: A model cell count rises from 30 to 120. Calculate the fold increase.
A model cell count rises from 30 to 120. Calculate the fold increase.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
The result is 4 . Known: count rises from 30 to 120. Use fold increase = final / initial. Fold increase = 120/30 = 4. The count quadrupled; growth rate alone does not show whether cells invade other tissue.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Benign does not mean a growth can never affect an organ, but it does not invade other body sites in this GCSE distinction.
- A single risk factor does not guarantee cancer, and a rapidly dividing normal tissue is not automatically malignant.
Not true: Every abnormal growth is necessarily a malignant cancer. Abnormal growths include benign tumours, which do not invade or spread. Malignancy is defined by invasion and spread, not by the mere presence of a growth.
- Cancer results from cell changes leading to uncontrolled growth and division.
- Uncontrolled division is different from normal regulated growth, repair and replacement.
- Watch for: benign does not mean a growth can never affect an organ, but it does not invade other body sites in this GCSE distinction.
Abnormal growths include benign tumours, which do not invade or spread.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
True. Abnormal growths include benign tumours, which do not invade or spread. Malignancy is defined by invasion and spread, not by the mere presence of a growth.
An abnormal growth contained in one area without invasion of other body parts: write the technical term.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
benign tumour means An abnormal growth contained in one area without invasion of other body parts.