Comparing literary works
Baccalauréat international · IB Diploma · Language A: Language and Literature · HL Sujet 2 4:09 Narration en anglais · Sous-titres anglais + 中文 incrustés
Suivant
Soutien — Une question mondiale traversant des œuvres littéraires et non littéraires
Chapitres
Transcript
In 1879 Henrik Ibsen's play A Doll's House ended with a wife leaving her husband and children.
1879 年，易卜生的戏剧《玩偶之家》以妻子离开丈夫和孩子收场。
Fifteen years later, Kate Chopin's short story The Story of an Hour showed a wife's secret joy at hearing that her husband was dead.
十五年后，凯特·肖邦的短篇小说《一小时的故事》写了一位妻子听闻丈夫死讯时暗自的喜悦。
Two writers, two countries, two forms, one question: what did marriage cost women?
两位作家、两个国家、两种体裁，一个问题：婚姻让女性付出了什么代价？
Audiences were shocked by Nora's exit.
娜拉的出走震惊了观众。
In Germany the leading actress refused to play that ending, and Ibsen wrote a different one in which Nora stays.
在德国，主演拒绝演这个结局，易卜生只好另写一个娜拉留下的版本。
A text's meaning depends on when and where it is read.
文本的意义取决于它在何时何地被阅读。
Paper 2 is the comparative essay, at both levels: an hour and forty-five minutes, thirty marks.
试卷二是比较论文，两个级别都考：一小时四十五分钟，30 分。
You get four general questions and answer one, comparing two literary works you studied.
四道通用题选一道，比较你学过的两部文学作品。
You may not use a work from your individual oral or higher-level essay.
不能用个人口试或高级论文中用过的作品。
Each form has its own tools.
每种体裁都有自己的手法。
Prose fiction: narrative voice, point of view, setting, time and dialogue.
小说：叙述声音、视角、背景、时间和对话。
Drama: stage directions, dialogue, entrances and exits, props, dramatic irony.
戏剧：舞台说明、对白、上下场、道具、戏剧反讽。
Poetry: imagery, rhythm, rhyme, line breaks, stanza form and the speaker.
诗歌：意象、节奏、韵律、断行、诗节形式和说话者。
All forms use characterisation, how a character is presented; symbol, an object that stands for an idea; structure, the order and shape of the work; and irony, a gap between what is said or expected and what is true.
所有体裁都用到：人物塑造，即人物如何被呈现；象征，代表某种观念的事物；结构，作品的顺序与形态；反讽，所说或所期待的与事实之间的落差。
The context of production is when and where a work was written. The context of reception is when and where it is read.
创作语境指作品写于何时何地；接受语境指它在何时何地被阅读。
The text stands between them, and its meaning can shift.
文本处于两者之间，意义会随之变化。
In the world of the play, a wife could not borrow money without her husband's agreement, so Nora secretly forges her father's signature to save her husband's life.
在剧中的世界里，妻子未经丈夫同意不能借钱，于是娜拉偷偷伪造父亲的签名借钱，救了丈夫的命。
A modern reader may see her as brave; many readers in 1879 saw a criminal and a bad mother.
现代读者可能认为她勇敢；1879 年的许多读者却把她看作罪犯和坏母亲。
Nora's husband treats her as a child: my little lark.
娜拉的丈夫把她当孩子：“我的小云雀”。
Louise's heart trouble makes others protect her.
路易丝的“心脏病”让旁人处处保护她。
Nora decides she must become a reasonable human being; Louise, alone, whispers free, body and soul free.
娜拉决定要努力成为一个有理性的人；路易丝独处时低语：“自由了！ 身心都自由了！”
Nora walks out; Louise's husband returns alive, and she dies of the joy that kills.
娜拉出走；路易丝的丈夫活着回来，她死于“那致命的喜悦”。
Thesis: both works show marriage as a cage that a woman escapes only by breaking the rules of her time.
论点：两部作品都把婚姻表现为牢笼，女性只有打破时代规则才能逃离。
But Ibsen lets Nora walk out, while Chopin, in a very short form, allows Louise freedom only inside her own mind, and only for one hour.
但易卜生让娜拉走出家门，而肖邦用极短的篇幅，只让路易丝在自己的心里自由一小时。
A block structure writes about one work, then the other, and leaves the comparison to the reader.
分块结构先写一部作品，再写另一部，把比较留给读者。
Write point by point instead: each body paragraph compares both works on one idea.
应当逐点比较：每个主体段落都就一个观点比较两部作品。
Linking words make the comparison visible: similarly, whereas, in contrast, both, and while.
连接词让比较一目了然：同样、而、相反、两者都、然而。
Both writers use a symbol.
两位作家都用了象征。
At the start of Act Two, Ibsen's Christmas tree is stripped of its ornaments: the pretty decorations of Nora's marriage are falling away.
第二幕开头，易卜生的圣诞树“饰物被摘光”：娜拉婚姻中漂亮的装饰正在剥落。
Chopin uses an open window onto patches of blue sky: something found, not lost.
肖邦用一扇望向“片片蓝天”的敞开的窗：是发现，而不是失去。
The difference reflects form: a play must show change on stage, while Chopin's narrator can take us inside Louise's mind.
差别源于体裁：戏剧必须在舞台上展示变化，而肖邦的叙述者能带我们进入路易丝的内心。
Paper 2 has four criteria. Knowledge and interpretation, ten marks; analysis and evaluation, ten; focus and organisation, five; and language, five.
试卷二有四项评分标准：知识与阐释 10 分；分析与评价 10 分；重点与组织 5 分；语言 5 分。
To prepare, learn ten to fifteen short quotations for each work, and group them by idea: power, identity, gender, family, freedom.
备考时，每部作品背十到十五句简短引文，并按主题归类：权力、身份、性别、家庭、自由。
Then any question will find you ready.
这样无论出什么题都能应对。
To finish: the features of each form; the four shared tools; contexts of production and reception; a thesis that answers the question; and a point-by-point essay with linking words.
总结：各体裁的特征；四种共同手法；创作语境与接受语境；回答问题的论点；以及用连接词逐点比较的论文。