Perspectives évolutives et comparatives
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology Sujet 23 4:36 Narration en anglais · Sous-titres anglais + 中文 incrustés
Chapitres
Transcript
Hamilton's inequality is a model of selection under stated costs, benefits and relatedness, not an instruction about human duty.
汉密尔顿不等式是在既定成本、收益和亲缘关系下的选择模型，而非关于人类义务的指令。
Inclusive fitness concerns effects on genetic representation through self and relatives.
广义适合度关注通过自身及亲属对基因代表性的影响。
Fixed action patterns describe characteristic sequences in classic ethological models; real behaviour can vary with state and context.
固定动作模式描述了经典动物行为学模型中的特征序列；实际行为可能随状态和情境而变化。
Evolutionary function and immediate learning mechanisms can complement each other.
进化功能与即时学习机制可以相互补充。
A plausible adaptive story requires evidence that distinguishes it from alternatives.
一个合理的适应性解释需要能够将其与其他替代方案区分开来的证据。
Kin selection explains helping by inclusive fitness: a gene spreads by aiding relatives who share it.
亲缘选择通过广义适合度解释利他行为：基因通过帮助携带相同基因的亲属而传播。
Hamilton's rule says helping pays when r times B is greater than C — benefit to the recipient weighted by relatedness exceeds cost to the helper.
汉密尔顿法则指出，当r乘B大于C时，利他行为是有利的。 即受益者获得的收益乘以亲缘系数后，超过施助者付出的代价。
With benefits and costs held equal, closer relatedness makes the inequality more likely to hold: compare siblings, with r of 0.5, with first cousins, with r of 0.125.
在收益和代价相等的情况下，更近的亲缘关系使该不等式更容易成立。 例如，比较亲缘系数为0.5的兄弟姐妹与亲缘系数为0.125的一表亲。
The rule predicts direction and rough ordering, not exact human behaviour.
该法则预测的是行为的方向和大致排序，而非精确的人类行为模式。
Ethology studies species-typical behaviour.
动物行为学则研究物种典型的行为。
A fixed action pattern is an invariant sequence released by a specific sign stimulus and run to completion, as in classic egg-retrieval or mating displays.
固定行为模式是由特定信号刺激引发并执行到底的恒定序列，例如经典的取蛋或求偶展示。
Because it is triggered rather than assembled, a fixed action pattern can be hijacked by supernormal stimuli — models with exaggerated features.
由于它是被触发而非组装而成的，固定行为模式可能会被超常刺激所劫持，即具有夸张特征的刺激模型。
Evolutionary explanations ask about function: how a behaviour raised reproductive success in ancestral environments.
进化论解释关注功能：即某种行为如何在祖先环境中提升了繁殖成功率。
They compete or combine with learning accounts; prepared learning (fast acquisition of evolutionarily relevant fears like snakes) shows both at once.
它与学习理论相互竞争或结合。 预备式学习，即快速习得与进化相关的恐惧（如对蛇的恐惧），同时体现了这两者。
An evolutionary story is a hypothesis about history, and needs comparative or experimental evidence, not plausibility alone.
进化论叙事是对历史的假设，需要比较或实验证据支持，而不仅仅是逻辑上的合理性。
Comparative caution cuts both ways: do not read human motives into animal behaviour (anthropomorphism), and do not assume a human behaviour is learned when cross-species patterns suggest otherwise.
比较研究需谨慎，这有两层含义：不要将人类动机投射到动物行为中，即避免拟人化；也不要当跨物种模式暗示并非如此时，就假定人类行为是后天习得的。
The examinable skill is matching each explanation to its evidence type.
考试要求掌握的技能是将每种解释与其对应的证据类型相匹配。
In a fictional fitness model, B equals 8, C equals 3 and r equals 0.5.
在一个虚构的适合度模型中，B等于8，C等于3，r等于0.5。 请检验该不等式。
Test the inequality, then repeat for r equal to 0.125.
再对r等于0.125的情况重复此过程。
The condition is r B greater than C.
条件为rB大于C。
For r equal to 0.5, r B is 0.5 times 8, which is 4, greater than 3, so the stated condition holds.
当r等于0.5时，rB等于0.5乘以8，即4，大于3，因此所述条件成立。
For r equal to 0.125, r B is 0.125 times 8, which is 1, less than 3, so it does not.
当r等于0.125时，rB等于0.125乘以8，即1，小于3，因此不成立。
Benefits and costs must use compatible fitness measures.
收益与成本必须使用兼容的适合度度量单位。
Relatedness alone cannot rank helping when B or C differs across cases.
仅凭亲缘系数无法在B或C跨情况不同时对利他行为进行排序。
Hamilton's rule: helping is favoured when rB > C, here for siblings but not cousins.
汉密尔顿法则：当 rB 大于 C 时帮助才有利，这里对兄弟姐妹成立，对堂表亲不成立。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
An animal quickly learns one fear association.
动物快速习得一种恐惧联结。
Explain why this can be compatible with both learning and an evolutionary account, and what evidence is needed.
请解释这为何既能与学习理论相容，也能与进化论解释相容，并说明需要哪些证据。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Experience supplies the association; evolved predispositions could affect how readily particular associations are learned.
经验提供这种联结。 进化而来的倾向可能会影响特定联结被习得的难易程度。
Compare acquisition across relevant stimuli with exposure, salience and reinforcement controlled, and use comparative evidence where justified.
在控制暴露、显著性和强化的前提下，比较相关刺激下的习得情况，并在合理时使用比较证据。
Speed alone cannot establish an ancestral history or eliminate all learning alternatives.
仅凭速度无法确立祖先历史或排除所有学习替代方案。
Treating Hamilton's rule as a precise human calculator, or explaining any observed behaviour as adaptive after the fact; an evolutionary claim needs evidence, not a plausible story.
不要把汉密尔顿法则当作精确的人类计算器，也不要事后将任何观察到的行为都解释为适应性。 进化论的主张需要证据，而非一个看似合理的故事。
State the source and the limits.
请说明来源及其局限性。
Helping relatives is costly.
帮助亲属是有代价的。
What quantities are needed to evaluate an inclusive-fitness account, and why is a story insufficient?
评估亲缘适应理论需要哪些数量指标？ 为什么仅凭故事是不够的？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。