Temas opcionales y el texto prescrito
Diploma del Bachillerato Internacional · IB Diploma · Philosophy · SL Tema 2 4:52 Narración en inglés · Subtítulos en inglés + 中文 quemados en pantalla
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Transcripción
A runaway train is heading towards five workers on the track.
一辆失控的火车正冲向轨道上的五名工人。
You can pull a lever and send it onto a side track, where it will kill one worker instead.
你可以拉动拉杆，让它转向侧轨，那里只会撞死一名工人。
Should you pull it?
你该拉吗？
Most people say yes.
大多数人说该拉。
Now imagine you are on a bridge, and the only way to stop the train is to push a large man onto the track.
现在设想你在一座桥上，唯一能拦住火车的办法是把一个大块头推下轨道。
Most people say no, although the numbers are the same.
大多数人说不行，尽管人数完全一样。
Why do our answers change?
我们的答案为什么变了？
Each ethical theory gives a different explanation.
每种伦理理论给出不同的解释。
Schools choose optional themes from seven.
学校从七个选修主题中选择。
SL students study one and HL students two, writing one essay on each in Section B of Paper 1.
普通程度学一个，高级程度学两个，在试卷一 B 部分各写一篇论文。
Every student also studies one prescribed text, examined in Paper 2.
每个学生还要学一部指定文本，在试卷二考查。
Consequentialism judges the results of an act: the utilitarians Bentham and Mill say do what produces the most happiness for the most people.
结果主义评判行为的结果：功利主义者边沁和密尔说，要做能为最多人带来最大幸福的事。
Deontology judges the act itself: Kant says act only on a rule you could want everyone to follow.
义务论评判行为本身：康德说，只按你愿意人人都遵守的准则行事。
Virtue ethics judges character: Aristotle asks what a wise person would do.
德性伦理学评判品格：亚里士多德问，一个明智的人会怎么做。
Each theory carries a burden.
每种理论都有负担。
Utilitarianism can allow harming one innocent person to help many.
功利主义可能允许伤害一个无辜者来帮助许多人。
Kant says you must not lie, even to a murderer asking where your friend is.
康德说即使凶手问你朋友在哪，你也不能撒谎。
And virtue ethics gives little clear guidance in hard cases.
德性伦理学在疑难情况下几乎给不出明确指引。
A utilitarian pulls the lever and pushes the man: five lives outweigh one.
功利主义者既拉拉杆也推人：五条命大于一条。
A Kantian may pull the lever, since the death is a side effect, but not push, which uses the man only as a means.
康德主义者也许会拉拉杆，因为那人的死是副作用，但不会推人，因为那是把人仅仅当作手段。
A virtue ethicist may say a decent person would not push someone to his death.
德性伦理学者可能会说，一个正派的人不会把别人推向死亡。
Epistemology asks what knowledge is and how we get it.
认识论追问知识是什么、我们如何获得知识。
A traditional answer: knowledge is justified true belief.
传统的回答是：知识是有理由的真信念。
You must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reason.
你必须相信它，它必须为真，你还必须有充分理由。
In 1963 Edmund Gettier showed cases of justified true belief that is true only by luck.
1963 年，埃德蒙·葛梯尔举出一些有理由的真信念只是碰巧为真的例子。
You look at a clock that says three o'clock and believe it is three.
你看到钟显示三点，就相信现在是三点。
It is three, but the clock stopped exactly twelve hours ago.
确实是三点，但那只钟恰好在十二小时前停了。
Is that knowledge?
这算知识吗？
Where does knowledge come from?
知识从哪里来？
Rationalism, with Descartes: some knowledge comes from reason alone.
唯理论（笛卡尔）：有些知识仅来自理性。
Empiricism, with Locke and Hume: all knowledge comes from experience.
经验论（洛克、休谟）：一切知识都来自经验。
And scepticism asks whether we can know anything at all: perhaps, like Descartes's evil demon, everything I see is an illusion.
怀疑论则问我们能否知道任何东西：也许就像笛卡尔的恶魔，我所见的一切都是幻象。
Each other theme has a key question.
其他每个主题都有一个核心问题。
Aesthetics: what is art?
美学：什么是艺术？
Religion: can God's existence be proved?
宗教哲学：上帝的存在能被证明吗？
Science: how does science reach truth, by induction or by Popper's falsification?
科学哲学：科学如何获得真理，靠归纳还是波普尔的证伪？
Political: what is justice, for Rawls or Nozick?
政治哲学：罗尔斯或诺齐克眼中的正义是什么？
Social: how do societies shape who we are?
社会哲学：社会如何塑造我们？
A Section B essay: define the key terms and state your answer; explain two or three positions with named philosophers; test each with an example and give the strongest objection; and reach a conclusion that weighs the positions.
B 部分的论文：界定关键术语并亮明答案；用具名哲学家阐述两三种立场；用例子检验每种立场并给出最有力的反驳；最后得出权衡各立场的结论。
Read your text as an argument.
把文本当作论证来读。
Context: what problem was the author trying to solve?
语境：作者想解决什么问题？
Claims: what does the text say?
主张：文本说了什么？
Arguments: what reasons does it give?
论证：它给出了什么理由？
Critique: what is the strongest objection, and how might the author reply?
批评：最有力的反驳是什么，作者会如何回应？
Mill feared that public opinion could crush individual freedom.
密尔担心公众舆论会扼杀个人自由。
His harm principle: power can rightfully be used against someone's will only to prevent harm to others.
他的伤害原则：只有为了防止伤害他人，才能正当地违背某人的意愿对其行使权力。
Free discussion helps us find the truth.
自由讨论帮助我们找到真理。
But what counts as harm?
但什么算伤害？
Offence, or harm to oneself, may also affect others.
冒犯，或伤害自己，也可能影响他人。
Each Paper 2 question has two parts: first explain an idea from the text, for ten marks; then evaluate or discuss it, for fifteen.
试卷二每道题分两部分：先解释文本中的一个观点，10 分；再评价或讨论它，15 分。
Explain the view of the state in the Tao Te Ching.
解释《道德经》中的国家观。
The best ruler acts through non-action: people hardly notice him.
最好的统治者以无为治国：百姓几乎感觉不到他的存在。
More laws create more crime.
法令越多，盗贼越多。
And governing a large state is like cooking a small fish: stir it too much and it falls apart.
治大国若烹小鲜：翻动太多，鱼就碎了。
Evaluate the claim that the text is too positive about human nature.
评价“该文本对人性过于乐观”这一说法。
For it: the text trusts that people left alone will live peacefully; Hobbes would disagree.
支持：文本相信人们若不受干扰就会和平生活；霍布斯会反对。
Against it: the text says only that heavy government creates the desires and conflicts it then tries to control.
反对：文本只是说，繁重的统治制造了它随后又要控制的欲望和冲突。
To finish: three ethical theories and the trolley three ways; justified true belief and Gettier; the key question for each theme; reading a text by context, claims, arguments and critique; and in Paper 2, explain then evaluate.
总结：三种伦理理论与电车难题的三种解法；有理由的真信念与葛梯尔；每个主题的核心问题；按语境、主张、论证和批评阅读文本；试卷二先解释，后评价。