Virtual memory
Introducido| English | Significado |
|---|---|
| virtual address | An address in a process's virtual address space, translated or checked by memory-management hardware. |
| page table/peɪdʒ ˈteɪbl/ | A structure recording virtual-page mappings and access information. |
| physical frame | A fixed-size block of physical memory that can hold a page. |
| TLB | Translation lookaside buffer: a cache of recent virtual-to-physical address translations. |
| page fault/peɪdʒ fɒlt/ | An exception raised when a memory access cannot be completed using the current page mapping, for example because the required page is not in physical memory. |
The grandest illusion
- The virtual address splits into page number and offset; the page table maps virtual pages to physical frames, one entry per page; the TLB caches translations.
- Course machine: 16-bit virtual, 256-byte pages $\Rightarrow$ 256 virtual pages; 12-bit physical $\Rightarrow$ 16 frames — each process may address 64 KiB while only 4 KiB exists.
{exercise:uni-cs0704-mapping}
16-bit virtual addresses with 256-byte pages give — virtual pages
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8-bit VPN after the 8-bit offset: 2 to the 8th is 256 pages.
The walk, then the hit
- Address $0x0204$: offset $0x04$, VPN $0x02$. First access: TLB miss, table walk — VPN 2 to frame 5, physical $5 \times 256 + 4 = 0x0504$; the TLB caches VPN 2.
- Address $0x0210$: same VPN — TLB hit, physical $0x0510$, no walk. An 8-page loop of 8000 accesses with a 10-entry LRU TLB misses 8 times (compulsory): a $99.9\%$ hit rate.
{exercise:uni-cs0704-walk}
With VPN 2 mapped to frame 5, address 0x0204 translates to —
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frame x 256 + offset: 5 x 256 + 4 = 0x0504.
The fault and its price
- Address $0x0400$: VPN 4, entry invalid $\to$ page fault. The process blocks; the OS picks a victim (LRU, dirty — write it back), reads the page in, updates table and TLB, restarts the instruction.
- Cost model: TLB hit 1 ns, walk 10 ns, fault 5 ms — one fault per million accesses still costs 5 ns per access on average: the hierarchy tolerates rarity, not frequency.
An invalid access is an error; a fault is just a fetch. The valid bit tells them apart.
{exercise:uni-cs0704-fault}
A page fault differs from an invalid access because the fault —
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Fault = fetch (the valid bit says not resident but mapped); invalid = error.