الخيارات والعمل الميداني
دبلومة البكالوريا الدولية · IB Diploma · Geography · HL الموضوع 3 10:17 سرد باللغة الإنجليزية · ترجمة مدمجة بالإنجليزية + الصينية
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النص الصوتي
Besides the core, every student studies optional themes: two at standard level, three at higher level, examined in Paper 1.
除核心部分外，每个学生还要学习选修主题：标准级两个，高级三个，在试卷一中考查。
Every student also writes a fieldwork report on data they collect themselves. That is the internal assessment.
每个学生还要根据自己收集的数据写一份野外考察报告，这就是内部评估。
In Paper 1 each option is worth twenty marks.
试卷一中每个选修主题二十分。
First come short structured questions for ten marks, often about a map, graph or table.
先是十分的简短结构化问题，通常围绕地图、图表或表格。
Then you choose one of two essays, for another ten.
然后从两道论述题中选一道，再得十分。
An essay needs a clear view, named examples with specific detail, and a balanced judgement.
论述题需要明确的观点、带具体细节的实例和平衡的判断。
Floods are bad for people earns little.
“洪水对人有害”得分很少。
The 2021 Zhengzhou flood killed three hundred and eighty people, including fourteen trapped in a flooded metro train, earns credit.
“2021 年郑州洪水造成 380 人死亡，其中 14 人被困在被淹的地铁列车里”才能得分。
A drainage basin is the area of land that a river and its tributaries drain.
流域是一条河流及其支流所汇集的区域。
Rain that falls on it can be stored, in soil, lakes and groundwater. Or it moves to the river: quickly over the surface, as surface runoff, or more slowly through the soil and rock.
落在流域上的雨水可以储存在土壤、湖泊和地下水中；也可以流向河流：以地表径流的形式快速流过地表，或者较慢地穿过土壤和岩石。
A storm hydrograph shows how a river's discharge changes after a storm.
暴雨水文曲线显示暴雨后河流流量的变化。
Discharge rises along the rising limb to a peak, then falls.
流量沿上升段升至洪峰，然后下降。
The time from peak rainfall to peak discharge is the lag time.
从降雨峰值到流量峰值的时间就是滞后时间。
On a rural basin the peak comes late and low. On an urban basin it comes sooner and higher.
乡村流域的洪峰来得晚且低；城市流域的洪峰来得早且高。
Cities shorten the lag time and raise the peak: concrete and roofs do not let water soak in, and drains carry it quickly to the river.
城市会缩短滞后时间、抬高洪峰：混凝土和屋顶不让水渗入，排水管又把水迅速送入河流。
Steep slopes, saturated soil and a small, round basin do the same.
陡坡、饱和的土壤以及小而圆的流域效果相同。
Forests and gentle slopes slow water down.
森林和缓坡则让水流变慢。
Flood management can be hard or soft.
防洪可以是硬工程或软工程。
Hard engineering, such as dams and embankments, protects a large area, but it is expensive and can move the flood downstream.
硬工程如水坝和堤防，能保护大片区域，但费用高，还可能把洪水推向下游。
Soft engineering, such as trees, wetlands and sponge-city parks, is cheaper and works with nature, but it is slower and may not stop a very large flood.
软工程如植树、湿地和海绵城市公园，更便宜、顺应自然，但见效慢，可能挡不住特大洪水。
The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze stores flood water, generates about twenty-two point five gigawatts and lets large ships reach Chongqing.
长江上的三峡大坝能蓄洪，发电约 2250 万千瓦，并让大型船只直达重庆。
But about one point three million people were moved, and the dam traps sediment that once built up land downstream.
但约 130 万人被迁移，大坝还拦截了原本在下游堆积成陆的泥沙。
Waves shape coasts.
波浪塑造海岸。
They erode rock by hydraulic action, forcing water and air into cracks, and by abrasion, throwing rocks against the cliff.
它们通过水力作用（把水和空气压入裂缝）和磨蚀（把岩石砸向崖壁）侵蚀岩石。
Where waves lose energy, they deposit sand and shingle as beaches and spits.
在波浪能量减弱的地方，沙和卵石沉积成海滩和沙嘴。
Where hard and soft rocks meet the sea, the soft rock is eroded into bays, and the hard rock is left standing out as headlands.
软硬岩石交替临海的地方，软岩被侵蚀成海湾，硬岩突出成为岬角。
Caves, arches and stacks then form at the headlands.
随后在岬角处形成海蚀洞、海蚀拱和海蚀柱。
Longshore drift moves sand along the coast.
沿岸漂移让沙沿海岸移动。
Waves carry sand up the beach at an angle with the main wind; the water runs straight back down the slope.
波浪随主风向斜着把沙推上海滩；回流则沿坡直线退下。
Step by step, sand moves along the coast.
一步一步，沙沿海岸移动。
A groyne traps it, so the beach beyond gets less.
丁坝把沙拦住，下游的海滩得到的沙就更少。
Each coastal strategy has a problem.
每种海岸策略都有问题。
A sea wall is expensive, and the beach in front erodes.
海堤昂贵，堤前海滩会被侵蚀。
A groyne starves the coast further along.
丁坝让下游海岸缺沙。
Beach nourishment must be repeated.
海滩补沙必须反复进行。
Mangroves need warm, sheltered coasts and time.
红树林需要温暖、避风的海岸和时间。
And managed realignment gives up farmland and some homes to the sea.
有计划退让则要把农田和部分房屋让给大海。
On the Holderness coast, soft clay cliffs lose about two metres a year.
霍尔德内斯海岸的软黏土崖每年后退约两米。
Groynes at Mappleton in 1991 protected the village, but the cliffs to the south then eroded faster.
1991 年在马普尔顿修建的丁坝保护了村庄，但南面的海崖随后侵蚀更快。
At Medmerry in 2013, defences were moved inland, and the new salt marsh protects homes and gives birds a habitat.
2013 年在梅德梅里，海防线向内陆后撤，新形成的盐沼既保护了住房，又为鸟类提供了栖息地。
Extreme environments are cold or dry.
极端环境要么寒冷，要么干旱。
In cold places, ice erodes valleys into a U shape and leaves piles of rock called moraines.
在寒冷地区，冰川把山谷侵蚀成 U 形，并留下称为冰碛的岩石堆。
In hot deserts, wind builds dunes, and rare flash floods cut steep valleys called wadis.
在炎热的沙漠里，风堆积成沙丘，偶发的山洪冲刷出陡峭的干谷。
People see extreme places as opportunities: minerals, tourism, solar energy and research. And as challenges: cold or heat, little water, poor access, and a fragile environment.
人们把极端环境视为机遇：矿产、旅游、太阳能和科学研究；也视为挑战：寒冷或酷热、缺水、交通不便、环境脆弱。
Much of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway crosses permafrost, ground that stays frozen all year.
青藏铁路的很大一部分穿越永久冻土，即常年冻结的土地。
Heat from the track could melt it and make the track sink.
轨道的热量可能使冻土融化，导致路基下沉。
So engineers built bridges and used pipes that carry heat out of the ground.
所以工程师修建了桥梁，并使用把热量导出地面的管道。
At a constructive margin, plates move apart: gentle volcanoes and small earthquakes, as in Iceland.
建设性板块边缘，板块彼此分离：温和的火山和小地震，如冰岛。
At a destructive margin, one plate sinks under another: explosive volcanoes, large earthquakes and tsunamis, as in Japan.
破坏性板块边缘，一个板块俯冲到另一个之下：爆发性火山、大地震和海啸，如日本。
At a conservative margin, plates slide past each other: earthquakes, as in California.
保守性板块边缘，板块相互错动：地震，如加利福尼亚。
Hazard risk grows with three things: how strong and frequent the hazard is; exposure, how many people and buildings are in its path; and vulnerability, how easily they are harmed.
灾害风险取决于三点：灾害的强度和频率；暴露度，即有多少人和建筑处在其路径上；脆弱性，即他们多容易受损。
Poverty, weak buildings and poor warnings raise vulnerability.
贫困、建筑质量差和预警不足会提高脆弱性。
The 2010 Haiti earthquake, magnitude seven, killed more than one hundred thousand people: many buildings were weak, and the capital was close to the epicentre.
2010 年海地 7.0 级地震造成十万多人死亡：许多建筑不牢固，首都又离震中很近。
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, magnitude nine, released about a thousand times more energy.
2011 年日本东北 9.0 级地震释放的能量约为前者的一千倍。
Strong buildings and warnings saved many lives, but the tsunami left about eighteen thousand dead or missing.
坚固的建筑和预警挽救了许多生命，但海啸造成约一万八千人死亡或失踪。
Butler's model describes how a tourist destination changes.
巴特勒模型描述旅游地的演变。
A few visitors explore it; local people start to provide services; companies build hotels and numbers grow fast.
少数游客前来探访；当地人开始提供服务；企业兴建酒店，游客迅速增加。
Growth slows near the carrying capacity.
接近承载力时增长放缓。
Then the place stagnates, and either declines or is rejuvenated by new investment.
随后进入停滞，要么衰落，要么因新的投资而复兴。
Fewer than fifty thousand people live in Venice's historic centre, but on busy days visitors far outnumber them.
威尼斯历史中心的居民不到五万，但在旺季，游客远多于居民。
Venice stopped large cruise ships sailing through the centre in 2021, limited tour groups to twenty-five in 2024, and charges day visitors on the busiest days.
威尼斯 2021 年禁止大型邮轮驶过市中心，2024 年把旅行团限制在二十五人，并在最繁忙的日子向一日游游客收费。
Critics ask whether a small fee changes behaviour.
批评者质疑一笔小额费用能否改变行为。
A famine often happens not because there is no food, but because people cannot afford or reach it.
饥荒往往不是因为没有粮食，而是因为人们买不起或拿不到。
Amartya Sen argued that in the Bengal famine of 1943 food was available, but prices rose far faster than the wages of the poor.
阿马蒂亚·森认为，1943 年孟加拉饥荒时粮食是有的，但粮价上涨远快于穷人的工资。
As countries develop, the main causes of death change.
随着国家发展，主要死因会发生变化。
Deaths from infectious diseases such as diarrhoea and tuberculosis fall, people live longer, and heart disease, cancer and diabetes become the main killers.
腹泻和结核等传染病导致的死亡减少，人们更长寿，心脏病、癌症和糖尿病成为主要死因。
China made this change in one lifetime: life expectancy rose from about fifty-nine to about seventy-nine.
中国在一代人的时间里完成了这一转变：预期寿命从约 59 岁升至约 79 岁。
Land-use models describe how a city is arranged.
土地利用模型描述城市的布局。
Burgess's model shows rings around the centre. Hoyt's model shows sectors along transport routes.
伯吉斯模型是围绕中心的同心环；霍伊特模型是沿交通线分布的扇形。
Use them as ideas to test against a real city, not as truths.
把它们当作用真实城市检验的思路，而不是定论。
Fast growth causes urban stress: housing shortages, traffic congestion, air pollution and waste.
快速增长带来城市压力：住房短缺、交通拥堵、空气污染和垃圾。
Responses include public transport, new housing and urban regeneration.
应对措施包括公共交通、新建住房和城市更新。
A good evaluation asks who benefits: regeneration can raise rents and push poorer residents out.
好的评价会问谁受益：城市更新可能推高租金，把较穷的居民挤走。
The fieldwork report is worth twenty-five per cent at standard level and twenty per cent at higher level.
野外考察报告在标准级占 25%，高级占 20%。
It is up to two thousand five hundred words, marked out of twenty-five, on primary data you collect yourself.
报告不超过 2500 词，满分 25 分，基于你亲自收集的一手数据。
The inquiry runs in stages. A precise, local question and a testable hypothesis, with a null hypothesis for a statistical test. A method, with a risk and ethics check. Sampling. Maps, graphs and tables. Analysis: describe the pattern, then test it. And a conclusion that names the limitations.
调查分阶段进行：一个精确的本地问题和可检验的假设，做统计检验时还要有零假设；方法，包括风险和伦理检查；抽样；地图、图表和表格；分析：先描述规律，再检验；最后是指出局限的结论。
Random sampling uses random numbers, so there is no bias from you, but it may miss small areas.
随机抽样用随机数选点，没有个人偏差，但可能漏掉小区域。
Systematic sampling takes every hundred metres, or every tenth person: it covers the area evenly, but can match a regular pattern.
系统抽样每隔一百米或每第十个人取样，覆盖均匀，但可能恰好与规律性分布重合。
Stratified sampling takes samples in proportion to known zones, so you must know the zones first.
分层抽样按已知分区的比例取样，所以必须先知道分区。
A worked example. Does the number of pedestrians fall with distance from the central square?
一个例题：行人数量是否随离中心广场的距离增加而减少？
A student counted pedestrians for two minutes every hundred metres along one street.
一名学生沿一条街每隔一百米数两分钟行人。
At a hundred metres there were thirty-eight; at eight hundred, only five.
一百米处有 38 人；八百米处只有 5 人。
Rank both variables and square the rank differences: the sum is one hundred and fifty-eight.
给两个变量排序，求等级差的平方和，得 158。
Spearman's r is one minus nine hundred and forty-eight over five hundred and four: about minus nought point eight eight.
斯皮尔曼系数等于 1 减 948/504，约为 −0.88。
For eight sites the critical value is nought point seven three eight, so the relationship is significant.
八个样点的临界值为 0.738，所以关系显著。
It does not prove cause: shops are also closer to the square.
但这不能证明因果：商店也更靠近广场。
For counts in categories, use a chi-squared test.
对分类计数用卡方检验。
A two-by-two table has one degree of freedom, and the critical value at five per cent is three point eight four; a result of five point two is above it.
二乘二表有一个自由度，5% 水平的临界值为 3.84；结果 5.2 高于它。
Then evaluate: one street, one morning, one count per site.
然后评价方法：一条街、一个上午、每点只数一次。
Better: several streets, different times and repeat counts.
改进：多条街道、不同时段、重复计数。
The report is marked on six criteria. The question and context, and the method, are three marks each. The quality of your data is five. The written analysis is ten: the most. The conclusion and the formal requirements are two each.
报告按六项标准评分。 问题与背景、方法各三分；数据质量五分；书面分析十分，占比最大；结论和格式要求各两分。
To finish: twenty marks per option with specific detail; hydrographs and flood management; coasts, extreme environments and hazard risk; Butler's model, famine and urban models; and the fieldwork inquiry, from sampling to Spearman's rank.
总结：每个选修主题二十分，论述要有具体细节；水文曲线与防洪；海岸、极端环境与灾害风险；巴特勒模型、饥荒与城市模型；以及从抽样到斯皮尔曼等级相关的野外考察。