الشبكات والوسائط والأتمتة
دبلومة البكالوريا الدولية · IB Diploma · Digital Society · SL الموضوع 2 3:37 سرد باللغة الإنجليزية · ترجمة مدمجة بالإنجليزية + الصينية
فصول
النص الصوتي
In March 2011 an earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima nuclear station.
2011 年 3 月，地震和海啸损坏了福岛核电站。
Within days a rumour spread across China by text message and social media, that iodised salt protects you from radiation.
几天之内，一条谣言通过短信和社交媒体传遍中国：碘盐能防辐射。
People queued and bought bags of salt until the shelves were empty.
人们排队抢购，一袋又一袋，直到货架被买空。
The rumour was false.
谣言是假的。
A false claim had travelled faster than the truth through a network of phones.
一个错误说法通过手机网络，跑得比真相还快。
A computer runs software on hardware, and for decades the number of transistors on a chip roughly doubled every two years, which put a powerful computer in most pockets.
计算机在硬件上运行软件。 几十年来，芯片上的晶体管数量大约每两年翻一番，所以大多数人口袋里都有一台强大的电脑。
The internet is a network of networks, and almost all data between continents travels through cables on the sea floor.
互联网是网络的网络，几乎所有跨洲数据都经海底电缆传输。
At each layer someone has control, and whoever controls a layer can set its rules.
每一层都有人掌控，谁掌控那一层，谁就能定那一层的规则。
Digital media changed three things.
数字媒体改变了三件事。
Creation, because anyone with a phone can publish.
创作：有手机的人都能发布。
Distribution, because an algorithm ranks the feed, usually by engagement, likes, shares and time watched, not by date or by accuracy.
传播：由算法给信息流排序，通常按参与度，也就是点赞、转发和观看时长，而不是按时间或准确性。
And participation, because users comment, share, remix and join campaigns.
参与：用户评论、转发、二次创作，还会加入各种运动。
Misinformation is false information shared by people who believe it, like the salt rumour.
错误信息是相信它的人在转发的假信息，比如盐的谣言。
Disinformation is false information spread on purpose.
虚假信息是故意散布、用来欺骗的假信息。
A 2018 study in Science followed about one hundred and twenty-six thousand stories on Twitter. False stories spread further and faster, and true stories took about six times as long to reach fifteen hundred people.
2018 年《科学》杂志的一项研究追踪了推特上约十二万六千条消息：假消息传得更远、更快，真消息要花大约六倍的时间才能传到一千五百人。
Most modern AI uses machine learning. Instead of following rules a programmer wrote, the system finds patterns in large amounts of data.
现代人工智能大多采用机器学习：系统不按程序员写好的规则运行，而是从大量数据中找出规律。
Narrow AI does one task, like face unlock or AlphaGo, which beat Lee Sedol four games to one in 2016.
弱人工智能只做一件事，比如人脸解锁，或在 2016 年以四比一击败李世石的 AlphaGo。
Generative AI produces new text and images.
生成式人工智能能产出新的文字和图像。
General AI, able to do any human task, does not yet exist.
能完成人类任何任务的通用人工智能，目前还不存在。
A robot senses, decides and acts in the physical world, and an autonomous technology does it without a human controlling each step.
机器人能感知、决策并在现实世界中行动；自主技术则在没有人逐步控制的情况下完成这些。
In March 2018 an Uber test car hit and killed a woman in Tempe, Arizona.
2018 年 3 月，Uber 的一辆测试车在亚利桑那州坦佩撞死了一名过马路的女性。
Its sensors detected her seconds before the crash, but the system did not brake, and the safety driver was looking at a phone.
传感器在撞击前几秒就发现了她，但系统没有刹车，安全员正在看手机。
Autonomy moves decisions away from people, but responsibility still has to land somewhere.
自主让决策离开了人，但责任终究要有人承担。
Paper 2 gives you sources you have not seen before. Read each one three ways.
试卷二会给你没见过的材料。
The claim, what it says. The perspective, who made it and what their interests are. And the origin and purpose, where, when and why it was made.
每份材料读三遍：观点，它说了什么；视角，谁做的、有什么利益；来源与目的，在何时何地、为何而做。
Then compare them, and remember that diverse sources means really different perspectives, users, companies, governments and researchers.
然后比较它们。 记住，材料多元是指视角真正不同：用户、公司、政府和研究者。
For a discuss question, set two perspectives against each other, the researchers' study and a platform's statement.
对于 discuss 题，要把两种视角对照：研究者的研究和平台的声明。
Add your own example, the 2011 salt panic, which spread by text message too, so the problem is older than today's apps. Then judge.
再加上自己的例子：2011 年的抢盐风波也是靠短信传播的，所以问题比今天的应用更早。
Social media makes false information faster and wider, but ranking by engagement is the main cause, and it can be changed.
最后下判断：社交媒体让假信息传得更快更广，但按参与度排序才是主因，而且这是可以改变的。
Check yourself without notes. Name the internet's layers and who controls each, separate misinformation from disinformation, sort three kinds of AI, and read one source for its claim, perspective and origin.
不看笔记自测：说出互联网的各层以及每层由谁掌控；区分错误信息和虚假信息；给三种人工智能分类；再从观点、视角和来源三方面读一份材料。