الارتباط النووي، عائلات الجسيمات وحاملات هال
GRE Subject Test · GRE Physics الموضوع 25 5:22 سرد باللغة الإنجليزية · ترجمة مدمجة بالإنجليزية + الصينية
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Measuring conductivity alone does not tell you whether electrons or holes carry the current; a magnetic Hall measurement gives a test that is sensitive to sign.
只测电导率无法判断载流子是电子还是空穴；磁场中的霍尔测量提供了一个对符号敏感的检验。
This topic compares binding energy per nucleon and reaction energy, sorts leptons, mesons and baryons with conservation laws, and infers the carrier sign from the one-carrier Hall model.
本主题比较每核子结合能和反应能，用守恒定律区分轻子、介子和重子，并用单载流子霍尔模型推断载流子符号。
Binding energy B is the energy needed to separate a nucleus into its constituent free nucleons, equal to the corresponding mass deficit times c squared.
结合能 B 是把原子核分离成各个自由核子所需的能量，等于相应的质量亏损乘以 c 的平方。
Binding energy per nucleon, B over A, is the relevant comparison across different mass numbers; a heavier nucleus can have greater total B but lower B over A.
比较不同质量数时，应看每核子结合能，即 B 除以 A；较重的原子核总结合能 B 可能更大，但 B 除以 A 更低。
The broad maximum of B over A is near the iron and nickel region.
B 除以 A 的宽峰位于铁和镍附近。
Light-nucleus fusion and very-heavy-nucleus fission can release energy when products have greater total binding.
当产物的总结合能更大时，轻核聚变和极重核裂变都能释放能量。
For a reaction, Q equals the initial rest mass minus the final rest mass, times c squared; positive Q means released energy.
对于核反应，Q 等于初始静止质量减去最终静止质量，再乘以 c 的平方；Q 为正表示释放能量。
Always compare the actual specified isotopes and final products, not just their element names.
务必比较实际指定的同位素和最终产物，而不只是元素名称。
Leptons such as electrons, muons and neutrinos are not made of constituent quarks in the Standard Model.
在标准模型中，电子、μ子和中微子等轻子并不由夸克组成。
A negative muon has charge minus e and spin one half, like an electron, but has a different mass and belongs to a different flavour family; it is not a meson despite its historical name.
负 μ 子带电荷负 e，自旋二分之一，与电子相似，但质量不同，属于不同的味代；尽管历史上曾这样命名，它并不是介子。
Hadrons contain quarks; ordinary mesons have one quark and one antiquark, and ordinary baryons have three quarks. Corresponding antibaryons have three antiquarks.
强子含有夸克：普通介子由一个夸克和一个反夸克组成，普通重子由三个夸克组成，相应的反重子由三个反夸克组成。
These elementary classification models do not imply every composite particle is a simple baryon or meson.
这些基本分类模型并不意味着每个复合粒子都是简单的重子或介子。
Check charge, energy, momentum, baryon number, and relevant lepton numbers in a proposed process.
检查所提议过程中的电荷、能量、动量、重子数及相关轻子数。
A proton's uud quarks sum to charge plus e.
质子uud夸克总电荷为加e。
Neutron udd sums to zero.
中子udd总电荷为零。
Beta-minus decay n to p plus e minus plus antineutrino conserves electric charge and includes the antineutrino to balance lepton number and kinematics.
β减衰变n到p加e减加反中微子，既守恒电荷，又通过包含反中微子来平衡轻子数和运动学。
A particle's mass alone does not classify it as a quark, lepton, or hadron.
仅凭质量无法将粒子分类为夸克、轻子或强子。
Reaction thresholds may require kinetic energy beyond an exothermic rest-mass difference when other constraints apply.
当存在其他约束条件时，反应阈值可能需要超出放热静止质量差的动能。
In a simple one-carrier conductor, transverse magnetic Lorentz force builds a Hall electric field until transverse carrier force balances.
在简单的单载流子导体中，横向磁洛伦兹力建立霍尔电场，直至横向载流子受力平衡。
With a stated tensor sign convention, Hall coefficient is R sub H equals 1 over n q.
根据规定的张量符号约定，霍尔系数 R_H 等于 1 除以 n q。
Negative q gives electron-like negative coefficient. Positive q gives hole-like positive coefficient.
负电荷 q 给出类似电子的负系数，正电荷 q 给出类似空穴的正系数。
Resistivity magnitude alone does not reveal this sign.
仅凭电阻率大小无法确定该符号。
Set current, magnetic field and voltage directions consistently before reading raw polarity.
读取原始极性前，需一致设定电流、磁场和电压方向。
Semiconductors with electrons and holes both contributing require a mobility-weighted two-carrier model.
同时包含电子和空穴贡献的半导体需要采用迁移率加权的二载流子模型。
The simple coefficient need not equal the inverse total carrier density.
简单系数不一定等于总载流子密度的倒数。
With electrons at 5.0 times 10 to the 22 per cubic metre, R H is minus one over n e: minus 1.25 times 10 to the minus 4 cubic metres per coulomb.
电子浓度为每立方米 5.0 乘 10 的 22 次方时，R_H 等于负的 1 除以 n e：负 1.25 乘 10 的负 4 次方立方米每库仑。
The negative sign means electron-like carriers under this convention, not a negative density.
负号表示在此约定下载流子类似电子，而不是密度为负。
For neutron beta-minus decay, verify electric charge, baryon number and electron-lepton number for n to p plus e minus plus nu bar sub e.
对于中子β负衰变，验证n到p加e负加ν反e过程中的电荷、重子数和电子轻子数。
Explain why omitting the antineutrino fails and why a continuous electron spectrum is compatible with energy conservation.
解释为何省略反中微子会导致失败，以及连续电子谱如何与能量守恒相容。
Charge equals zero, which is one minus one plus zero.
电荷等于零，即一减一加零。
Baryon number equals one, which is one plus zero plus zero.
重子数等于一，即一加零加零。
Electron-lepton number equals zero, which is zero plus one minus one.
电子轻子数等于零，即零加一减一。
Omitting the antineutrino violates this latter balance and leaves incorrect two-body kinematics.
忽略反中微子会破坏这一守恒，并导致错误的二体运动学。
Three final bodies share available energy in different proportions while conserving total energy and momentum in each event.
三个末态粒子以不同比例分配可用能量，同时每次事件均满足总能量和动量守恒。
Award each conservation check and spectrum or omission explanation.
请对每个守恒检查以及谱线或遗漏的解释给予评分。
Compare binding per nucleon, not just total binding.
比较每个核子的结合能，而不仅仅是总结合能。
A muon is a lepton, and Hall sign requires the declared measurement convention and carrier model.
μ子是一种轻子，霍尔符号取决于所声明的测量约定和载流子模型。
binding energy per nucleon: Nuclear binding energy divided by nucleon count.
平均核子结合能：核结合能除以核子数。
Hall coefficient: Signed proportionality relating transverse Hall field to current density and magnetic field under a stated convention.
霍尔系数：在特定约定下，横向霍尔场与电流密度及磁场之间的带符号比例关系。
Retrieve the meanings without reading the definitions, then change a parameter in the original transfer and test the limiting case.
在不阅读定义的情况下回忆这些术语的含义，然后改变原始传递中的一个参数，并检验极限情况。