المجموعات والعلاقات والعمليات بين المجموعات
مُقدَّم| English | المعنى |
|---|---|
| social loafing/ˈsəʊʃl ˈləʊfɪŋ/ | الكسل الاجتماعي |
| bystander effect/ˈbaɪstændə ɪˈfekt/ | تأثير المشاهد العابر |
A decision before an answer
- People work less hard in a rope-pulling team than alone, but only when nobody can tell who pulled how hard.
- Your goal: Predict group-performance effects from task and identifiability.
Read the group effect
- Social facilitation: the presence of others strengthens dominant responses, helping well-learned tasks and hurting novel ones. Social loafing: effort falls when individual contributions are unidentifiable.
- Groupthink: cohesive groups under pressure suppress dissent and reach poor decisions; deindividuation: anonymity in a crowd lowers self-restraint.
Friendship formation between residents of the same dorm floor best illustrates:
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Physical proximity — propinquity — predicts liking and friendship.
Explain the attraction
- Attraction is predicted first by propinquity — physical or functional proximity, as in making friends on the same dorm floor — then similarity and reciprocal liking; mere exposure breeds familiarity-based liking.
- Social exchange theory reads relationships as outcomes minus costs against a comparison level; interdependence analyses use each partner's payoff structure.
Prejudice is best distinguished from discrimination as:
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Prejudice is evaluative affect; discrimination is the behaviour; stereotypes are the beliefs.
Separate the intergroup trio
- Stereotypes are beliefs about groups, prejudice is evaluative affect, discrimination is behaviour. The minimal-group paradigm shows in-group favouritism from arbitrary assignment alone; realistic conflict theory ties hostility to competition over resources.
- The contact hypothesis reduces prejudice under equal status, common goals and cooperative contact, not mere exposure.
Friends cluster on the same dorm floor — propinquity. A tug-of-war team slacks when pulls are pooled — social loafing under unidentifiable contributions. Arbitrary badge colours producing in-group preference is the minimal-group effect. Nobody calling for help in a crowded plaza is diffusion of responsibility.
Help becomes less likely as witnesses increase through diffusion of ____.
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Each witness assumes another will act; adding pluralistic ignorance compounds it.
Break the bystander pattern
- The bystander effect: help falls as witnesses increase, through diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance (each reads others' calm as no emergency).
- Aggression research links frustration to aggression and shows how residual arousal (excitation transfer) can escalate conflict; altruism is helped by clear identification of a single victim.
Writing stereotype, prejudice and discrimination as synonyms, or promising that any contact fixes prejudice; contact works under conditions, not by default.
أي إجابة تتناسب مع هذه الحالة؟
تنبؤ تأثيرات الأداء الجماعي بناءً على المهمة وقابلية التعريف
Contact between groups reduces prejudice whenever it occurs.
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The contact hypothesis requires equal status, common goals and cooperation; mere exposure is not enough.
Keep the distinctions
- social loafing 社会惰化 — Reduced individual effort when contributions are pooled and unidentifiable.
- bystander effect 旁观者效应 — Help becomes less likely as the number of witnesses grows, via diffusion of responsibility.
- Predict group-performance effects from task and identifiability.
- Explain attraction through proximity, similarity and exchange.
- Separate stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination with their remedies.
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
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Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
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The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.