Insulin and two different diabetes models
مُقدَّم| English | المعنى |
|---|---|
| insulin/ˈɪnsjuːlɪn/ | الأنسولين |
| glycogen/ˈɡlaɪkədʒn/ | الجلايكوجين |
What would explain this observation?
- Two people can have raised blood glucose for different reasons. Distinguish the amount of insulin 胰岛素 produced from the response of target cells.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- The pancreas monitors and controls blood glucose concentration. If glucose is too high it releases insulin. Insulin promotes movement of glucose from blood into cells, and excess glucose in liver and muscle cells is converted to glycogen 糖原 for storage. These responses lower the blood glucose concentration towards a suitable level.
- insulin: A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose through uptake and storage responses; glycogen: A storage carbohydrate formed from glucose in liver and muscle cells.
Which explanation matches the specified Type 2 model?
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In the Type 2 model the pancreas still makes insulin, but the target cells respond inadequately to it. Producing no insulin describes Type 1, and the lens belongs to the eye.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
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Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- In the specified Type 1 diabetes model, the pancreas produces insufficient insulin and insulin injections replace the missing hormone. In Type 2, cells no longer respond adequately to insulin; the specification describes carbohydrate-controlled diet and exercise as management principles and obesity as a risk factor. These are course comparisons, not individualized treatment plans or a claim that every person has the same management needs.
- Compare fictional glucose curves with the same units and time origin. Identify the peak, subsequent trend and response to a stated intervention. Keep glucose concentration separate from total glucose mass and glycogen storage. Use supplied data only; do not take blood samples, alter meals, administer insulin or collect students’ diagnoses.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
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Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: a fictional concentration changes from 8.0 to 6.4 arbitrary units after the stated response. Decrease = 1.6 units and percentage decrease = 1.6/8.0×100 = 20%. This describes that curve, not a diagnostic cutoff or a dose calculation. The mechanism requires uptake and storage, not the pancreas filtering blood.
A fictional concentration falls from 10 to 7.5 units. Calculate percentage decrease. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
A fictional concentration falls from 10 to 7.5 units. Calculate percentage decrease.
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The result is 25 %. Known: concentration falls from 10 to 7.5 units. Decrease = 10 - 7.5 = 2.5 units. Percentage decrease = 2.5/10 x 100 = 25%. This describes the curve; it is not a diagnostic cutoff.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Insulin and glycogen are different substances. Type 2 does not mean the pancreas necessarily produces no insulin. Obesity is a risk factor rather than proof of an individual diagnosis. Higher-only glucagon/negative-feedback interaction is taught separately.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
Insulin and glycogen are the same chemical substance. This claim is false: Insulin is a protein hormone; glycogen is a storage carbohydrate that insulin promotes building. Hormone and store are different substances with different roles.
Insulin and two different diabetes models: In the specified Type 1 diabetes model, the pancreas produces insufficient insulin and insulin injections replace the missing hormone. In Type 2, cells no longer respond adequately to insulin; the specification describes carbohydrate-controlled diet and exercise as management principles and obesity as a risk factor. These are course comparisons, not individualized treatment plans or a claim that every person has the same management needs.
Insulin and glycogen are the same chemical substance.
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Insulin is a protein hormone; glycogen is a storage carbohydrate that insulin promotes building. Hormone and store are different substances with different roles.
A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose through uptake and storage responses: write the technical term.
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insulin means A pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose through uptake and storage responses.