أسئلة المراجعة

التجاذبات بين الجزيئات بما في ذلك الروابط الهيدروجينية

• The same intermolecular interactions help explain surface tension and the energy needed to change temperature. Heating changes molecular motion and interactions; it does not normally break the covalent O–H bonds.

4180 J

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

استبدال ينتج عنه كودون مرادف

• A codon comprises three bases. The genetic code is degenerate: more than one codon can specify the same amino acid. A substitution can therefore be silent, while insertions or deletions can shift the reading frame.

20 حمض أميني

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

حوّل كلا الطولين باستخدام مقياسيهما الخاصين

• A scale bar provides a known real distance in the same image. Convert the image length and real length to the same unit before dividing. Magnification is a ratio and has no unit.

300

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

العلاقات التطورية

• Read relationships from the branching order. Rotating branches at a node does not change ancestry. A branch length represents time or change only when the diagram gives a scale.

16 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

هو تعديل فردي يحدث خلال الحياة

• Explain both a benefit and a cost. Reducing stomatal opening conserves water but can limit carbon dioxide entry. A feature cannot be judged as universally best without its ecological context.

20 g/(m² h)

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

تساويها

• Compare surveys with similar area, effort, season and identification rules. A diversity index is meaningful only with its formula and conventions specified. Habitat fragmentation can affect movement and gene flow even when total area changes little.

4 نوع

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

جلسرين مع ثلاث أحماض دهنية مرتبطة بروابط إسترية

• Condensation forms a linkage with a small molecule such as water released in the simplified model; hydrolysis uses water to break such a linkage. Polymer sequence, branching, polarity and three-dimensional shape matter. Saturated fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double bond, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one; this difference can influence packing under stated conditions.

34 رابطة

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

لإزالة المحلول السطحي بشكل متسق

• Use percentage change to compare samples with different initial masses. A zero percentage change estimates a solution concentration with no net water movement. This is an estimate from a trend, not proof that water molecules stop moving.

-10 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

أنها تعبر عن مجموعات مختلفة من الجينات

• Link a named feature to a mechanism and then to the function. Increased area can support exchange, but membrane proteins, gradients and metabolic demand also matter. Stem cells retain different degrees of developmental potential.

0.5 لكل وحدة

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

التنفس وتدفق الدم

• Distinguish movement of the whole medium from diffusion across the membrane. Ventilation and perfusion work together, while haemoglobin helps transport oxygen in blood. A change in breathing rate alone does not measure oxygen uptake.

6 لتر/دقيقة

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

هي تحلل الدهون emulsifies lipids

• Absorption moves soluble products into blood or lymph. Thin exchange surfaces and a large surface area shorten diffusion paths and increase transfer. Enzyme activity and transport are different processes.

25 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

استخدام المسجلات للموارد والظروف مع مراعاة التفاعلات

• Separate a habitat observation from a causal claim about a niche boundary. Absence from a site can reflect dispersal, detection, abiotic conditions or interactions. Resource partitioning can reduce overlap, but an observational difference alone does not prove that competition caused it. Compare alternative explanations and the timescale of evidence.

30 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

استخدام محاليل منقذة ذات درجات حموضة مختلفة عند درجة حرارة واحدة

• Measure rate using product formed per unit time or a fixed endpoint. For an endpoint test, 1/time is a rate proxy if the same amount of product or substrate change defines the endpoint each time.

0.02 1/s

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

لتقليل تغيرات حجم الغاز غير المرتبطة بالتنفس

• Anaerobic processes allow ATP production when oxygen supply cannot support the required aerobic rate, but give less ATP per glucose. In humans lactate can accumulate; yeast can produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

0.1 سم³/دقيقة/جرام

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

قد يكون هناك عامل آخر يحد الآن من المعدل

• Change only one factor when testing a limiting factor. At low light, extra light may increase rate. At a plateau, the changed factor is no longer the main limit in that range; the graph alone does not identify which other factor is limiting.

3 سم³/دقيقة

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

من خلال تكرار النبضات أو التجنيد

• The all-or-none principle applies to an individual action potential. Stimulus information can be encoded by frequency and recruitment. Myelination permits saltatory conduction between nodes rather than making ions move freely through myelin.

60 هرتز

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

زيادة تأثير الأنسولين

• When blood glucose is high, insulin helps increase glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. When it is low, glucagon supports release of glucose from stores. These responses are coordinated, not identical effects of two hormones.

25 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

المتغيرات المقاومة تنجو وتتكاثر بنجاح أكبر

• After vaccination, memory cells can support a faster secondary response. Antibiotic resistance arises through heritable variation and selection; an individual bacterium does not choose to become resistant because it needs to survive.

20

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

استخدم خط مسار مع مسافات عينة ثابتة

• Estimate total abundance by multiplying mean density by area, with consistent units. This assumes sampled areas represent the habitat. Patchiness and too few samples widen uncertainty.

12

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

قيمتا إنتاج مسجلتين لهما نفس وحدات المساحة والزمان والطاقة

• Use the same energy units and period in numerator and denominator. Distinguish ingestion, assimilation and production: consumed energy is not all assimilated, and assimilated energy is not all stored as new biomass. An energy pyramid records a flow per area per time; a standing biomass snapshot is a different quantity.

10 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

شريط أبوي واحد

• Complementary bases support copying of the template sequence. Distinguish DNA copying from transcription into RNA and from separation of chromosomes in cell division. The labelled-strand prediction assumes complete replication rounds and no exchange or degradation of the original material. Detailed fork direction and fragment mechanisms remain in the separate HL preparation case pending guide review.

25 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

يتضاعف

• Count chromosomes by centromeres under the stated convention. DNA amount and chromosome number are different quantities. Crossing over and independent assortment contribute to meiotic variation.

15 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

لا يوجد انتقال صافي للكتلة خلال الفترة المقاسة

• A zero mass change suggests no net transfer over the measured interval under the experimental conditions. It does not imply that every individual cell has the same potential or that molecular exchange stops. Compare percentage change when initial sample masses differ.

5 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

الإخصاب

• Distinguish homologous chromosomes from sister chromatids, and chromosome number from DNA quantity. Replication before meiosis copies DNA without doubling the number of chromosome sets. Crossing over and independent assortment contribute to genetic variation, while random fertilization further changes combinations. These processes do not make every offspring genetically distinct under every conceivable condition.

10 صبغي

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

لكل عملية إخصاب احتمالية ربع (aa) تحت هذا النموذج

• In a simple monohybrid cross Aa × Aa, gametes carry A or a. Combining independent gametes gives AA, Aa, Aa and aa. The predicted probabilities describe many possible fertilizations, not a fixed order of children.

50 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

رفع المعدات الكهربائية الهشة فوق مستوى الفيضان المتوقع

• Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts. A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty; one criterion is not the entire decision.

30 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

ميزان يقرأ 0.20 غرام وهو فارغ

• For a product or quotient, adding fractional uncertainties is a common maximum-uncertainty approximation. For a difference, add absolute uncertainties. A nonzero intercept can reveal an offset or an incomplete model.

2.5 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.