思维、问题解决与智力
GRE Subject Test · GRE 心理学 知识点 19 4:07 英语旁白 · 英中内嵌字幕
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An algorithm follows steps that guarantee a solution for its specified problem class when correctly applied.
算法遵循特定步骤，在正确应用时可为其指定问题类保证找到解决方案。
A heuristic is an efficient shortcut that may fail.
启发式方法是一种可能失败的快捷方式。
Representativeness judges similarity and can neglect base rates; availability uses ease of recall and can confuse memorable with frequent.
代表性判断相似性，但可能忽略基础概率。 可得性依赖回忆的难易程度，容易将令人印象深刻的事件误认为频繁发生的事。
Mental set and functional fixedness constrain which solutions are considered.
思维定势和功能固着限制了可考虑的方案范围。
Intelligence tests measure performances under particular conditions and require validity and fairness evidence for their use.
智力测验衡量特定条件下的表现，其使用需要有效性和公平性证据支持。
Concepts group instances; natural concepts have fuzzy boundaries organised around prototypes, so a robin is a "better" bird than a penguin and is verified faster.
概念将实例归为一类。 自然概念具有模糊的边界，围绕原型组织，因此知更鸟比企鹅更像“鸟”，验证速度也更快。
Schemas are organised knowledge structures about domains; scripts are schemas for event sequences (the restaurant script).
图式是关于特定领域的有组织的知识结构。 脚本是事件序列的图式，例如餐厅脚本。
Schemas guide encoding and also distort recall toward the expected.
图式指导编码过程，也会使回忆向预期方向扭曲。
An algorithm guarantees a solution by exhaustive rule; heuristics trade certainty for speed.
算法通过穷尽规则保证得出解决方案。 启发法则以确定性换取速度。
Availability estimates frequency by ease of recall, so vivid events are overestimated.
可得性估计基于回忆的容易程度，因此生动的事件会被高估。
Representativeness judges by similarity to a prototype and neglects base rates.
代表性启发法依据与典型原型的相似性进行判断，并忽略基础比率。
Anchoring drags estimates toward an initial number.
锚定效应将估计值拉向初始数值。
Framing changes choices between logically equivalent descriptions, and confirmation bias seeks only supporting evidence.
框架效应在逻辑等价的描述之间改变选择，而确认偏误仅寻求支持性证据。
Problem solving fails in characteristic ways: functional fixedness (objects only in usual roles), mental set (old solutions to new problems), and missing insight restructuring.
问题解决会以典型方式失败：功能固着，即物体仅被视为具有常规用途；定势，即用旧方案解决新问题；以及缺乏洞察重构。
Means-end analysis reduces the difference to the goal; working backward suits problems with a clear goal state.
手段-目的分析旨在缩小与目标之间的差距。 逆向推理适用于目标状态明确的问题。
Intelligence theories differ on structure: Spearman's general factor g, Cattell's fluid versus crystallised abilities, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic analysis.
关于智力的结构，不同理论观点各异：斯皮尔曼提出一般因素g；卡特尔区分流体能力与晶体能力；加德纳提出多元智力理论；斯特恩伯格提出三元智力理论。
Test interpretation follows the psychometrics of earlier units: scores are reliable for prediction within their validation samples, but a score measures performance on the test, not a fixed essence.
测验解释遵循前期单元中的心理测量学原理：分数在其验证样本内对预测具有可靠性，但分数衡量的是在测验上的表现，而非某种固定本质。
A description fits a rare occupation.
该描述符合一种罕见职业的特征。
A pupil chooses it without checking how many people have each occupation.
学生未核查每种职业的实际人数便直接选择。
Identify the reasoning risk.
请识别其中的推理风险。
Representativeness can override base-rate information: similarity to a stereotype does not by itself determine probability.
代表性启发式可能压倒基础率信息：与刻板印象的相似性本身并不能决定概率。
Combine relevant likelihood information with prior frequencies if available.
若可获得相关似然信息与先验频率，应将其结合使用。
A vivid description supplies neither a population count nor proof of group traits.
生动的描述既不提供总体数量，也无法证明群体特征。
The representativeness heuristic lets similarity to a stereotype override the base rate.
代表性启发式让与刻板印象的相似度压倒了基础比率。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
A method works on nine puzzles and fails on a tenth with different constraints.
一种方法在九个谜题上有效，但在第十个约束条件不同的谜题上失败。
Explain how to decide whether the method is an algorithm or heuristic and propose a response.
请解释如何判断该方法是算法还是启发式方法，并提出应对方案。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Check its stated domain and guarantee, not the number of past successes.
检查其声明的适用域和保证，而非过往成功的次数。
A heuristic may be useful without guaranteeing a solution; an algorithm may fail if applied outside its domain or implemented incorrectly.
启发式方法可能有用但不保证得出解；若超出适用域应用或实现不当，算法可能会失败。
Re-read the constraints, represent the new problem and test alternative operations rather than repeat the old method mechanically.
重新阅读约束条件，表示新问题并测试替代操作，而非机械地重复旧方法。
Calling a heuristic an error in itself; heuristics are efficient defaults whose costs are predictable.
不要把启发式方法本身称为错误；启发式方法是高效的默认策略，其代价是可预测的。
Do not equate a test score with a fixed measure of worth or potential.
不要将测试分数等同于固定的价值或潜力衡量标准。
State the source and the limits.
请说明来源和局限性。
Two intelligence tests correlate strongly.
两项智力测试高度相关。
Why does this not by itself establish one fixed inherited cause?
但这为何不能单独确立一个固定的遗传原因？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，写出有依据的答案再继续。