原子光谱与选择定则
GRE Subject Test · GRE 物理 知识点 7 4:22 英语旁白 · 英中内嵌字幕
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Not every energy difference produces a strong spectral line.
并非每个能量差都会产生强的电偶极谱线。
This topic relates atomic energy levels to spectral lines, applies the angular-momentum quantum numbers, and separates allowed electric-dipole transitions from forbidden ones.
本主题把原子能级与谱线联系起来,运用角动量量子数,并区分允许的和禁戒的电偶极跃迁。
For hydrogen-like one-electron ions, the bound energies scale as negative 13.6 Z squared over n squared electronvolts in the simplest nonrelativistic model.
对于类氢单电子离子,在最简单的非相对论模型中,束缚能按负13.6乘以Z的平方除以n的平方的规律缩放。
Emission requires a downward transition and positive photon energy.
发射过程需要向下的跃迁以及正的光子能量。
Orbital angular momentum has l equals zero through n minus one, and m sub l equals negative l through positive l.
轨道角动量取 l = 0 至 n − 1,m_ℓ 取 −l 至 +l。
Electron spin adds s equals one half.
电子自旋贡献 s = 1/2。
Total angular momentum combines orbital and spin contributions.
总角动量由轨道和自旋贡献共同组成。
Electric-dipole selection rules include delta l equals plus or minus 1, and delta m equals 0, plus or minus 1.
电偶极跃迁选择定则包括:Δl = ±1,以及 Δm = 0, ±1。
These rules concern a specific transition mechanism.
这些规则针对特定的跃迁机制。
Forbidden does not mean impossible by every mechanism.
“禁戒”并不意味着通过其他所有机制都绝对不可能发生。
Fine structure, spin–orbit effects and Zeeman splitting refine the simplest hydrogen picture.
精细结构、自旋-轨道效应和塞曼分裂完善了最简单的氢原子图像。
In many-electron atoms, shielding and electron interactions invalidate direct hydrogen-energy substitution.
在多电子原子中,屏蔽效应和电子相互作用使得直接代入氢原子能级不再适用。
For a one-electron ion, ignoring relativity and fine structure, the energy levels are minus 13.6 electron volts times Z squared over n squared.
对单电子离子,忽略相对论效应和精细结构,能级为负 13.6 电子伏特乘以 Z² 再除以 n²。
For Z equals 2, emission from n equals 3 to n equals 2 gives a photon of 13.6 times 4, times one quarter minus one ninth: 7.56 electron volts.
Z 等于 2 时,从 n = 3 跃迁到 n = 2 发出的光子能量为 13.6 乘 4,再乘以四分之一减九分之一,等于 7.56 电子伏特。
The wavelength is h c over the photon energy: 1240 electron-volt nanometres over 7.56 electron volts, about 164 nanometres, in the ultraviolet.
波长等于 hc 除以光子能量:1240 电子伏特·纳米除以 7.56 电子伏特,约 164 纳米,位于紫外区。
An energy difference alone does not guarantee an electric-dipole transition.
仅凭能量差并不能保证发生电偶极跃迁。
The participating orbital states must satisfy the selection rules.
参与轨道态必须满足选择定则。
Two splittings.
两种分裂。
In a magnetic field, a J equals three halves level splits into four sublevels, shifted by g J m J mu B B, with g J equal to four thirds.
在磁场中,J = 3/2 的能级分裂为四个子能级,移动量为 g_J m_J μ_B B,其中 g_J 等于 4/3。
In an electric field, a degenerate pair of opposite parity splits linearly, by plus or minus d F.
在电场中,一对宇称相反的简并能级线性分裂,移动量为正负 dF。
A hydrogenic electron is in a 3d state.
类氢电子处于3d态。
Under the electric-dipole approximation, which lower principal-level orbital states can it reach in one emission?
在电偶极近似下,它通过一次发射可以跃迁到哪些主量子数更低的轨道态?
Explain why the n equals 1 level is excluded.
请解释为什么n等于1的能级被排除。
Ignore fine structure and spin changes.
忽略精细结构和自旋变化。
Four marks.
共4分。
A 3d state has l equals 2.
3d态的l等于2。
Electric-dipole emission requires delta l equals plus or minus 1, and a lower n for positive photon energy.
电偶极跃迁要求delta l等于正负1,且终态主量子数n必须更低以保证光子能量为正。
At n equals 2, only l equals 0 and l equals 1 exist, so 2p is allowed, with magnetic sublevels obeying delta m equals 0, plus or minus 1.
在n等于2时,仅存在l等于0和l等于1的能级,因此2p是允许的(磁亚能级满足delta m等于0、正负1)。
At n equals 1, only 1s exists; delta l equals minus 2 forbids that direct electric-dipole transition.
在n等于1时,仅存在1s态;delta l等于负2禁止了该直接电偶极跃迁。
Award initial l, rule, 2p, and exclusion of 1s.
评分要点包括:初始l值、选择定则、2p允许以及排除1s。
Higher-order transitions are outside this approximation.
高阶跃迁超出此近似范围。
Do not make the final-state energy minus initial-state energy negative for an emitted photon.
对于发射的光子,末态能量减去初态能量不得为负值。
selection rule: A restriction on transitions for a specified interaction mechanism.
选择定则:对特定相互作用机制下跃迁的限制。
Zeeman splitting: Magnetic-field splitting of atomic energy levels.
塞曼分裂:原子能级在磁场中的分裂。
Retrieve the meanings without reading the definitions, then change a parameter in the original transfer and test the limiting case.
在不阅读定义的情况下回忆含义,然后改变原始传递中的一个参数并检验极限情况。