全球化、贸易与国际金融
Pearson Edexcel · International A-Level · 经济学 知识点 7 4:15 英语旁白 · 英中内嵌字幕
章节
文本转录
Globalisation links economies.
全球化把各经济体联系起来。
Comparative advantage explains why countries specialise and trade.
比较优势解释各国为何专业化分工并开展贸易。
Blocs and tariffs shape that trade.
贸易集团和关税塑造贸易。
And the balance of payments and exchange rates settle up the accounts.
国际收支和汇率则负责结算账目。
Five causes over the last 50 years: trade liberalisation; more and larger trading blocs; political change, such as China opening up; cheaper transport and communication; and the growing significance of TNCs.
过去 50 年的五个原因：贸易自由化；更多更大的贸易集团；政治变化，例如中国对外开放；运输和通信成本下降；以及跨国公司日益重要。
For the recipient country, FDI brings investment, jobs, technology and tax revenue.
对接受国来说，外国直接投资带来投资、就业、技术和税收。
Against that: crowding out local firms, profits sent home, and influence over policy.
另一方面：挤出本地企业、利润汇回母国，以及对政策的影响。
A has absolute advantage in both goods.
A 在两种商品上都有绝对优势。
But one cloth costs A two wheat and B only one, so A specialises in wheat and B in cloth.
但一单位布对 A 的成本是两单位小麦，对 B 只是一单位，所以 A 专门生产小麦，B 专门生产布。
At 1.5 wheat per cloth, A pays less than 2 and B gets more than 1: both gain.
以 1.5 单位小麦换一单位布，A 付出少于 2，B 得到多于 1：双方都获益。
The terms of trade divide the export price index by the import price index, times 100.
贸易条件等于出口价格指数除以进口价格指数再乘 100。
Tanzania's export prices rose to 128.9 and import prices to 117.1, giving 110.1: a 10.1% improvement.
坦桑尼亚的出口价格升到 128.9，进口价格升到 117.1，得到 110.1：改善了百分之 10.1。
A free-trade area removes internal barriers.
自由贸易区取消内部壁垒。
A customs union adds a common external tariff.
关税同盟增加共同对外关税。
A common market adds free factor movement.
共同市场增加生产要素自由流动。
An economic and monetary union adds a shared currency.
经济与货币联盟增加共同货币。
Trade creation: cheap partner production replaces dear domestic production.
贸易创造：伙伴国的廉价产品取代本国的高价产品。
Trade diversion: once the external tariff bites, dear partner production replaces cheap world production.
贸易转移：对外关税生效后，伙伴国的高价产品取代世界其他地方的廉价产品。
At a world price of 12, imports are 48.
世界价格为 12 时，进口为 48。
A tariff of 4 lifts the price to 16, and imports fall to 24.
4 的关税把价格抬到 16，进口降到 24。
The government collects 96, and two triangles make a deadweight loss of 48.
政府征收 96，两个三角形构成 48 的无谓损失。
Motives: protecting infant industries, jobs and national security, stopping dumping, correcting a deficit and raising revenue.
动机：保护幼稚产业、就业和国家安全，制止倾销，纠正赤字，增加收入。
Types: tariffs, quotas, non-tariff barriers and subsidies to domestic producers.
类型：关税、配额、非关税壁垒和对本国生产者的补贴。
A fixed rate is pegged and defended by the state; a fall is a devaluation.
固定汇率由国家钉住并维护；下降称为法定贬值。
A managed rate floats within a band the state defends.
管理汇率在国家维护的区间内浮动。
A floating rate is set by the market; a fall is a depreciation.
浮动汇率由市场决定；下降称为贬值。
After a depreciation, volumes are slow to change, so the trade balance gets worse at first.
贬值之后，数量调整缓慢，所以贸易差额起初变差。
As exports rise and imports fall, it improves above the starting level, if the Marshall-Lerner condition holds: the J-curve.
随着出口增加、进口减少，如果马歇尔-勒纳条件成立，它会改善到起点以上：这就是 J 曲线。
Competitiveness depends on productivity, skills, the exchange rate, wage and non-wage costs, regulation and infrastructure.
竞争力取决于生产率、技能、汇率、工资和非工资成本、监管以及基础设施。
Governments raise it with education, investment incentives, deregulation and trade liberalisation.
政府通过教育、投资激励、放松管制和贸易自由化来提高竞争力。
Before the float one pound bought about 0.0324 dollars; after it, about 0.0202.
浮动之前，一埃及镑约值 0.0324 美元；之后约 0.0202 美元。
That is a fall of about 38% in the pound's value, even though the number of pounds per dollar rose by about 60%.
也就是说，埃及镑的价值下降约百分之 38，尽管每美元兑换的埃及镑数量增加了约百分之 60。
It may improve: tourism becomes cheaper, and remittances return to official channels.
可能改善：旅游变得更便宜，侨汇回到官方渠道。
It may not: wheat and fuel are inelastic, canal fees are priced in dollars, and inflation can erode the gain.
可能不会：小麦和燃料缺乏弹性，运河费用以美元计价，通胀会抵消收益。
Judgement: a slow improvement, if inflation is controlled.
判断：如果通胀得到控制，会缓慢改善。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
A specialises in wheat and B in cloth.
A 专门生产小麦，B 专门生产布。
Export prices 128.9 over import prices 117.1 gives 110.1.
出口价格 128.9 除以进口价格 117.1 得 110.1。
A tariff of 4 cuts imports to 24 and raises 96.
4 的关税使进口降到 24，收入 96。
30.9 to 49.5 pounds per dollar is a fall of about 38%.
每美元从 30.9 镑变为 49.5 镑，埃及镑下跌约百分之 38。
And worse first, then better, is the J-curve.
先变差、后改善，就是 J 曲线。