Desafios e intervenções do HL
International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Digital Society · HL Tópico 4 3:32 Narração em inglês · Legendas em inglês + 中文 gravadas
Capítulos
Transcrição
In August 2021 China limited players under eighteen to one hour of online games, from eight to nine pm on Fridays, weekends and holidays, and game companies had to check every player's real name and age.
2021 年 8 月，中国规定未成年人只能在周五、周末和节假日晚上八点到九点玩一小时网络游戏，游戏公司必须核实每位玩家的实名和年龄。
Many parents welcomed it. Many teenagers did not, and some used adults' accounts.
许多家长欢迎，许多青少年不满，有人借用成年人的账号。
Was it a good intervention?
这是一项好的干预吗？
It depends on what you measure, and Paper 3 asks exactly that.
取决于你衡量什么，试卷三问的正是这个。
The HL extension studies three challenges.
HL 拓展研究三大挑战。
Well-being, where apps can connect families but also cost sleep, because many are designed to hold attention.
福祉：应用能把家人连在一起，也会占用睡眠，因为许多应用就是为抓住注意力而设计的。
Governance and human rights, who makes the rules when platforms cross borders.
治理与人权：平台跨越国界时，规则由谁来定。
And sustainable development, because digital technology uses electricity and metals, and becomes waste.
可持续发展：数字技术耗电、耗金属，最后变成垃圾。
Two real laws answer the governance challenge.
有两部真实的法律回应治理挑战。
The EU's GDPR, from 2018, gives people rights over their personal data, and companies that break it can be fined up to four per cent of worldwide turnover.
欧盟 2018 年的《通用数据保护条例》赋予人们对个人数据的权利，违规企业最高可被罚全球年营业额的百分之四。
China's Personal Information Protection Law, in force from November 2021, also requires consent, with stricter rules for health data and children's data.
中国 2021 年 11 月施行的《个人信息保护法》同样要求取得同意，并对健康数据和儿童数据等敏感信息规定得更严。
Sustainable development meets today's needs without damaging the future.
可持续发展是在不损害未来的前提下满足当下的需要。
In 2022 the world produced about sixty-two million tonnes of e-waste, and only about twenty-two per cent was properly collected and recycled.
2022 年全球产生了约六千二百万吨电子垃圾，只有约百分之二十二被妥善回收利用。
The Global E-waste Monitor expects eighty-two million tonnes a year by 2030.
《全球电子垃圾监测》预计到 2030 年每年将达到八千二百万吨。
An intervention is a deliberate action on a challenge, a law, a design change or a campaign.
干预是针对挑战采取的有意行动，可以是法律、设计改变或宣传运动。
Read it four ways. What it changes, who acts and who is affected, what it claims to achieve, and what evidence there is.
从四方面读它：它改变了什么，谁来执行、谁受影响，它声称要实现什么，有什么证据。
A design example is the EU rule that new phones use the same USB-C port, so people need fewer chargers.
一个设计上的例子是欧盟要求新手机统一使用 USB-C 接口，这样人们需要的充电器更少。
Evaluate on three measures.
从三方面评价。
Effectiveness, does it achieve its aim, and what can the evidence not show.
有效性：是否达到目标，证据有哪些看不到的地方。
Equity, who gains and who loses.
公平：谁获益、谁受损。
And acceptability, do the people affected accept it.
可接受性：受影响的人是否接受。
A limit people choose for themselves, like a phone's focus mode, is usually more acceptable than one imposed on them, but choice does not fix equity.
人们自己选择的限制，比如手机的专注模式，通常比强加的更容易被接受，但选择并不能解决公平问题。
Here is a worked plan.
这是一个示范答题计划。
Effectiveness, companies reported much lower play by registered minors, but adults' accounts are invisible to those figures.
有效性：公司报告已登记未成年人的游戏时间大幅下降，但借用的成年人账号在数据里看不到。
Equity, the rule is the same for every registered minor, yet some escape it and some lose more.
公平：规则对每位登记的未成年人都一样，但有人能绕过，有人损失更多。
Acceptability, high among parents, lower among teenagers, who were not asked.
可接受性：家长多数支持，青少年较少，而他们并没有被征询。
The judgement, effective for most, weaker for the heaviest gamers, and the evidence comes mainly from companies and the government.
结论：对多数人有效，对重度玩家较弱；而且证据主要来自公司和政府。
Paper 3 has four steps.
试卷三分四步。
Before the exam, study the pre-released brief, the people affected and real interventions.
考前研读预发布简报、受影响的人群和相关的真实干预。
In the exam, read the intervention's mechanism, actors, aims and evidence.
考试时读清干预的机制、行动者、目标和证据。
Use course concepts and other real examples.
运用课程概念和其他真实例子。
Then reach a clear, balanced judgement that names its limits and suggests an improvement.
最后给出清晰、平衡的判断，说明局限并提出改进。
Check yourself without notes. Name the three challenges, compare the two data laws, read the USB-C rule four ways, and judge the 2021 gaming limit on equity and acceptability.
不看笔记自测：说出三大挑战；比较两部数据法律；从四方面读 USB-C 规定；再从公平和可接受性评价 2021 年的游戏限令。