Population, urban systems and indicators
Diperkenalkan| English | Makna |
|---|---|
| immigration/ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃn/ | imigrasi |
| indicator/ˈɪndɪkeɪtə/ | indikator |
What would explain this observation?
- A city can grow because people move into it even when births equal deaths. Population change has several flows.
Build the model
- Population change depends on births, deaths, immigration 迁入 and emigration.
- Urban systems exchange energy, materials and waste with a wider region.
- A sustainability indicator 指标 measures a specified feature rather than total wellbeing.
- immigration: Movement into a population.
- indicator: A measure of a specified condition.
Which contributes positively to population change?
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Immigration adds people to a population, so it contributes positively; emigration and deaths remove people. Births and immigration are the two positive terms in the population balance.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
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Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- Compare rates with a common denominator and interval.
- An average can hide unequal access to services.
- At HL, evaluate how economic incentives, legal responsibilities and ethical priorities change an urban management proposal.
In the lab: Use published demographic and city-service data with dates and definitions. Protect privacy when collecting local opinions. Compare the same geographical boundary rather than mixing an urban core with a whole metropolitan region.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
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Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: a city has 10,000 people; births 150, deaths 100, immigration 300 and emigration 200 in one year.
- Change = 150-100+300-200 = 150.
- Growth percentage = 150/10,000×100 = 1.5%.
Your turn: A population of 2,000 grows by 40 in a year. Find percentage growth.
A population of 2,000 grows by 40 in a year. Find percentage growth.
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The result is 2 %. Known: population 2,000; growth 40 in a year. Use percentage growth = change / population x 100. Growth = 40/2,000 x 100 = 2% per year. The balance of births, deaths and migration produces that change.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- A projected population is conditional on assumptions.
- Urban growth does not automatically mean improved health, income or environmental quality for every resident.
Not true: Population growth depends only on births and deaths. Population change = births - deaths + immigration - emigration. A country with more deaths than births can still grow through net immigration, so births and deaths alone do not decide it.
- Population change depends on births, deaths, immigration and emigration.
- Compare rates with a common denominator and interval.
- Watch for: A projected population is conditional on assumptions.
Write from 1 percent growth
- A population of 5,000 has 90 births, 40 deaths, 30 immigrants and 30 emigrants in one year.
- Find the percentage growth. Population change is not births and deaths alone.
Population change = births - deaths + immigration - emigration.
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True. Population change = births - deaths + immigration - emigration. A country with more deaths than births can still grow through net immigration, so births and deaths alone do not decide it.
Movement into a population: write the technical term.
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immigration means Movement into a population.
A population of 5,000 has 90 births, 40 deaths, 30 immigrants and 30 emigrants. What is the percentage growth, and which flows does population change include?
Percentage growth is the population change divided by the starting population. The change uses all four flows.
What is the percentage growth?
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50 divided by 5,000 is 0.01, which is 1 percent. The change of 50 people is not 50 percent. Other options — 50 percent (the change in people read as a percentage); 90 percent (the birth count).