International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma

Physics · HL

Papers, sampel, dan dokumen kurikulum untuk kursus ini.

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Lembar kerja · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Physics · HL (25)

Lembar latihan · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Physics · HL (48)

Salindia presentasi · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Physics · HL (25)

Salindia panduan latihan · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Physics · HL (48)

Panduan pengajaran · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Physics · HL (1)

Keterampilan Praktis

Lembar kerja · Fisika A-Level (25)

Lembar latihan · Fisika A-Level (106)

Salindia presentasi · Fisika A-Level (25)

Salindia panduan latihan · Fisika A-Level (202)

Unit kursus dan tujuan pembelajaran

Pelajaran ini mengajarkan tujuan kursus tertentu. Periksa kesenjangan cakupan yang tersisa; materi ini bukan program persiapan lengkap.

Pelajaran →Latihan kosakata →

A.1 · Kinematika

Rate of change of displacement.
The gradient of a displacement-time graph is velocity. The area under a velocity-time graph gives displacement. A constant-acceleration formula is valid only when its assumption is justified.
Choose a positive direction and state it. Use a light gate or video with a known scale and frame interval for repeatable motion measurements. Avoid assuming hand timing is exact over very short intervals.

kecepatan (vektor): Laju perubahan perpindahan
percepatan: Laju perubahan kecepatan

A.2 · Gaya dan momentum

Mass multiplied by velocity.
Impulse equals momentum change. Increasing stopping time for the same momentum change reduces average force. Identify external forces before applying momentum conservation.
Draw a free-body diagram containing only forces on the selected object. For spring measurements, add loads in steps within the elastic range and measure extension from the unloaded position.

momentum: Mass dikalikan dengan kecepatan
resultan gaya: Jumlah vektor gaya pada suatu benda

A.3 · Usaha, energi dan daya

Energy transferred per unit time.
Define the system and useful output before calculating efficiency. Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy at constant mass. Power describes transfer per time, not total energy.
Measure a lifting height and load, time the lift, and record electrical input with suitable instruments. Repeat trials and account for heating or friction as transfers, not missing energy.

kuasa: Energi yang dipindahkan per satuan waktu
efisiensi: Output yang berguna dibagi dengan total input

A.4 · Mekanika benda kaku

Turning effect about an axis.
For a rigid body about a fixed axis, net torque equals moment of inertia multiplied by angular acceleration. Rotational kinetic energy depends on angular speed squared. Angular momentum is conserved when net external torque is zero.
Draw the pivot, force direction and perpendicular lever arm. Do not use the sloping distance from pivot to force point unless it is perpendicular to the force. For experiments, keep rotating parts guarded and loads secure.

tork: Efek torsi terhadap sumbu
momen inersia: Hambatan terhadap percepatan sudut terhadap sumbu tertentu

A.5 · Relativitas Galilean dan khusus

Time between events measured at one location in a frame.
The Lorentz factor is 1 divided by the square root of 1 minus speed squared over light speed squared. Galilean velocity addition is an approximation for speeds much smaller than light speed.
Label which frame measures proper time or proper length before substituting. Use event coordinates consistently. Do not combine lengths from one frame with time intervals from another without transformation.

waktu wajar: Waktu antara peristiwa yang diukur di satu lokasi dalam kerangka acuan
kerangka inersia: Kerangka acuan di mana benda bebas bergerak dengan kecepatan konstan

B.1 · Transfer energi termal

Energy per mass per temperature rise.
Temperature relates to particle motion in a model; internal energy includes kinetic and potential contributions. During a change of state, energy can change particle arrangements rather than temperature.
Measure mass, electrical input and temperature change for an insulated block. Ensure the temperature sensor has good contact, allow time for equilibration, and consider energy transferred to the surroundings.

kapasitas panas spesifik: Energi per massa per kenaikan suhu
kalor laten: Energi yang terkait dengan perubahan wujud zat

B.2 · Efek rumah kaca

Actions addressing causes of environmental change.
Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts. A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty; one criterion is not the entire decision.
Compare multi-year data using consistent baselines. State the region, timescale and uncertainty. At HL, connect a management decision to law, economics and ethics rather than treating these lenses as extra definitions only.

mitigasi: Tindakan yang menargetkan penyebab perubahan lingkungan
adaptasi: Tindakan yang mengurangi dampak buruk dari pengaruh lingkungan

B.3 · Hukum gas

Temperature on the kelvin scale.
At fixed amount and volume, pressure is proportional to kelvin temperature. At fixed temperature and amount, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. State which quantities are fixed before choosing a relationship.
Use approved apparatus with a temperature range and pressure limit set by the teacher. Allow thermal equilibrium and record pressure against kelvin temperature. Never heat an improvised sealed vessel.

suhu absolut: Suhu pada skala kelvin
gas ideal: Model gas dengan asumsi penyederhanaan tertentu

B.4 · Termodinamika

A process with no heat transfer.
State a sign convention before using the first law. Here change in internal energy equals heat into the system minus work done by the system. Expansion work can reduce internal energy when no heat enters.
Identify whether a process is isothermal, adiabatic or at constant volume. On a pressure-volume graph, area under the process curve gives work done by the gas. The path matters for work even when endpoints match.

adiabatik: Proses tanpa perpindahan panas
energi dalam: Total energi kinetik dan potensial mikroskopis dari suatu sistem

B.5 · Arus dan sirkuit

Rate of flow of charge.
Current is the same through components in series. Potential differences add around the series path. In parallel, branches share the same potential difference, while branch currents sum at a junction.
Place an ammeter in series and a voltmeter in parallel. For an I-V investigation, change voltage in steps, reverse polarity when appropriate and limit current to reduce heating.

arus: Tingkat aliran muatan listrik
beda potensial: Energi yang dipindahkan per satuan muatan

C.1 · Gerak Harmonik Sederhana

A large response to periodic forcing near a natural frequency.
Velocity is greatest near equilibrium for ideal SHM, while acceleration magnitude is greatest at extreme displacement. Resonance can occur near the natural frequency under periodic driving, with amplitude limited by damping.
Measure time for several complete oscillations and divide. Define a cycle consistently and use a small displacement when the model requires it. Keep pendulum paths clear and record damping effects rather than assuming perfect motion.

resonansi: Respon besar terhadap pemaksaan periodik di dekat frekuensi alami
redaman: Transfer energi keluar dari sistem bergetar

C.2 · Model gelombang

Distance between successive points in phase.
At a boundary, frequency stays fixed by the source. A change of speed changes wavelength. Refraction follows from speed differences; angles are measured from the normal.
Measure several wavelengths and divide to reduce fractional reading uncertainty. Use a ray box with a normal drawn at the boundary. Keep the beam away from eyes and record incident and refracted angles clearly.

panjang gelombang: Jarak antara titik-titik berurutan dalam fase
frekuensi: Jumlah osilasi per satuan waktu

C.3 · Fenomena gelombang

Distance between successive points in phase.
At a boundary, frequency stays fixed by the source. A change of speed changes wavelength. Refraction follows from speed differences; angles are measured from the normal.
Measure several wavelengths and divide to reduce fractional reading uncertainty. Use a ray box with a normal drawn at the boundary. Keep the beam away from eyes and record incident and refracted angles clearly.

panjang gelombang: Jarak antara titik-titik berurutan dalam fase
frekuensi: Jumlah osilasi per satuan waktu

C.4 · Gelombang diam dan resonansi

A large response to periodic forcing near a natural frequency.
Velocity is greatest near equilibrium for ideal SHM, while acceleration magnitude is greatest at extreme displacement. Resonance can occur near the natural frequency under periodic driving, with amplitude limited by damping.
Measure time for several complete oscillations and divide. Define a cycle consistently and use a small displacement when the model requires it. Keep pendulum paths clear and record damping effects rather than assuming perfect motion.

resonansi: Respon besar terhadap pemaksaan periodik di dekat frekuensi alami
redaman: Transfer energi keluar dari sistem bergetar

C.5 · Efek Doppler

Shift of an identified line toward longer wavelength.
Compare a identified line with its laboratory rest wavelength. Use z = (observed−rest)/rest, then v approximately cz in the stated low-speed model. Do not apply this approximation without checking the regime or treating a cosmological redshift as a simple exact velocity.
Use attributed spectra with calibration and line identification. Compare several lines for a consistent shift. State uncertainty and distinguish relative line-of-sight motion from an unmeasured transverse component.
Change of observed frequency due to relative motion.
For a source approaching a stationary observer along the line of sight, f observed = f source × v/(v−v source). Recession uses v+v source in the denominator. These are sound-wave models; light requires its appropriate relation.
Use a simulation or recorded data with stated source and observer directions. Draw wavefronts before choosing signs. Avoid demonstrations near moving traffic or unsafe high-volume sources.

pergeseran merah: Pergeseran garis yang teridentifikasi menuju panjang gelombang lebih panjang
panjang gelombang diam: Panjang gelombang garis tersebut diukur tanpa adanya gerak relatif sumber
pergeseran Doppler: Perubahan frekuensi yang diamati akibat gerak relatif
gelombang muka: Permukaan yang menghubungkan titik-titik dengan fase gelombang yang sama

D.1 · Medan Gravitasi

A description of gravitational force per unit mass.
For a point mass or outside a spherical mass, field strength follows an inverse-square distance dependence. Use distance from the centre, not height above the surface alone.
State the circular-orbit approximation and ignore atmospheric drag only when justified. Draw the force toward the central body and velocity tangential to the orbit. Do not add an outward force merely because the path is circular.

medan gravitasi: Deskripsi gaya gravitasi per satuan massa
kekuatan sentripetal: Gaya resultan menuju pusat lintasan melengkung

D.2 · Medan listrik dan magnetik

Electric force per unit positive test charge.
In a uniform field between ideal parallel plates, E = V/d away from edge effects. The force is F = qE, so its direction reverses for a negative charge. Coulomb force between ideal point charges decreases with separation squared.
Sketch labelled plate polarities, field arrows and the charge before calculating. Convert separation to metres. In school, use simulations or approved low-voltage electrostatic models rather than exposed high-voltage equipment.

kekuatan medan listrik: Gaya listrik per satuan muatan uji positif
muatan uji: Muatan kecil yang digunakan untuk meneliti medan listrik

D.3 · Gerak dalam medan elektromagnetik

Force due to a magnetic field on a moving charge or current.
Equate magnetic force with mv²/r to obtain r = mv/(|q|B) for perpendicular motion. A stronger field makes a smaller radius at fixed momentum. Parallel entry gives zero magnetic force in this model.
Draw velocity, field and force as separate arrows using stated into/out-of-page conventions. Use supplied beam data or a simulation. Do not treat a current-carrying wire direction as identical to electron-motion direction.

Gaya magnetik: Gaya akibat medan magnet pada muatan bergerak atau arus listrik
momentum: Massa dikalikan dengan kecepatan dalam model klasik

D.4 · Orientasi

Creation of emf by changing flux linkage.
Changing field strength, coil area, orientation or relative motion can change flux linkage. Lenz law describes an induced effect opposing the change producing it, consistent with energy conservation.
Use a coil and sensitive meter to compare magnet motion in each direction. Record that a stationary arrangement gives no induced signal. Use approved low-voltage supplies for motor demonstrations.

orientasi: Pembentukan emf dengan mengubah fluks linkage
transformator: Perangkat yang mentransfer energi antar kumparan melalui perubahan fluks

E.1 · Struktur atom

Wavelength pattern of radiation emitted by a source.
An emitted photon corresponds to a transition to a lower energy level. Absorption requires a compatible energy difference. Rutherford scattering supported a small dense nucleus, but that experiment alone did not establish the complete quantum model.
Read a labelled energy-level diagram before calculating. Keep joules and electronvolts distinct and use the given constants. Compare attributed spectra at a common wavelength scale and avoid looking at unsafe light sources.

spektrum emisi: Pola panjang gelombang radiasi yang dipancarkan oleh sumber
tingkat energi: Keadaan energi yang diizinkan dalam suatu model

E.2 · Fisika kuantum

A quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
Use photon energy = Planck constant × frequency. Maximum kinetic energy = photon energy - work function. Increasing intensity at fixed frequency increases photon arrival rate, not individual photon energy.
Read axes carefully on a stopping-potential or kinetic-energy graph. Identify threshold frequency from the zero-energy intercept. State the metal and experimental conditions because work function is material-specific.

foton: Kuanta radiasi elektromagnetik
fungsi kerja: Energi permukaan minimum yang diperlukan untuk melepaskan elektron

E.3 · Peluruhan radioaktif

Time for activity or undecayed population to halve.
Subtract background counts measured over the same time interval. Distinguish irradiation from contamination. Shielding, distance and reduced exposure time can reduce risk under a school-controlled procedure.
Use teacher-managed sources and the school radiation rules. Record count duration and repeat background measurements. Do not extrapolate a half-life from one nucleus or from uncorrected readings.

waktu paruh: Waktu yang dibutuhkan agar aktivitas atau populasi yang tidak terurai menjadi setengahnya
radiasi latar belakang: Radiasi yang diukur terpisah dari sumber yang sedang diteliti

E.4 · Fisi

Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei.
Separate conservation of nucleon number from conservation of total energy. Released neutrons may initiate further fissions, escape or be absorbed. A controlled reactor and an uncontrolled chain reaction have different neutron-management conditions.
Balance a supplied nuclear equation, use the specified mass data and identify the system. Analyse models or published reactor data; this is not a school attempt to produce fission or handle reactor materials.

fisi: Pembelahan inti berat menjadi inti-inti yang lebih ringan
reaksi berantai: Urutan di mana produk memicu peristiwa selanjutnya

E.5 · Fusi dan bintang-bintang

Total emitted power.
For isotropic emission without absorption, flux follows an inverse-square relationship with distance. Observed brightness alone therefore cannot establish luminosity.
Keep distance units consistent, identify which quantities are intrinsic to the star, and distinguish observational evidence from a model of stellar evolution. Do not confuse a red giant stage with every possible final remnant.

luminositas: Total daya yang dipancarkan
fluks: Daya yang diterima per satuan area

Practical · Program eksperimen

A quantified limitation on a measured result.
For a product or quotient, adding fractional uncertainties is a common maximum-uncertainty approximation. For a difference, add absolute uncertainties. A nonzero intercept can reveal an offset or an incomplete model.
Show units on axes and choose a sensible scale. Plot uncertainty bars where justified, draw a best-fit line rather than joining every point, and estimate steepest and shallowest plausible gradients when the course method calls for them.

ketidakpastian: Keterbatasan terkuantifikasi pada hasil pengukuran
kesalahan sistematis: Bias pengukuran yang konsisten

Menyiapkan diri untuk kualifikasi ini

Use themes A–E and no old optional-topic model.
SL excludes A.4, A.5, B.4, D.4 and E.2. A.2, B.5, C.1/C.3/C.5, D.1/D.2 and E.1/E.3 include additional HL scope.
SL Paper 1: 1.5 h, Paper 2: 1.5 h; HL: 2 h, 2.5 h. Papers weigh 36% and 44%; individual investigation 20%, 3,000 words.
A clean current Physics data booklet and calculator are available in examinations; the booklet itself remains an acquisition item.
Practical work 40 h plus collaborative sciences project 10 h and investigation 10 h.

Cakupan pengajaran masih diperlukan

Remaining understandings and guidance in the acquired 2025 Physics guide require complete authored coverage; retain AHL detail within mixed topics.
All tools/inquiry objectives and data booklet require complete assessment-linked coverage.