International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma

Chemistry · SL

Papers, sampel, dan dokumen kurikulum untuk kursus ini.

Lembaran kerja, lembar latihan, dan salindia

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Lembar kerja · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Chemistry · SL (22)

Lembar latihan · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Chemistry · SL (11)

Salindia presentasi · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Chemistry · SL (22)

Salindia panduan latihan · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Chemistry · SL (11)

Panduan pengajaran · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Chemistry · SL (1)

Keterampilan Praktis

Lembar kerja · Kimia A-Level (37)

Lembar latihan · Kimia A-Level (90)

Salindia presentasi · Kimia A-Level (37)

Salindia panduan latihan · Kimia A-Level (165)

Unit kursus dan tujuan pembelajaran

Pelajaran ini mengajarkan tujuan kursus tertentu. Periksa kesenjangan cakupan yang tersisa; materi ini bukan program persiapan lengkap.

Pelajaran →Latihan kosakata →

Structure 1.1 · Pengantar sifat partikel materi

Temperature on the kelvin scale.
At fixed amount and volume, pressure is proportional to kelvin temperature. At fixed temperature and amount, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. State which quantities are fixed before choosing a relationship.
Use approved apparatus with a temperature range and pressure limit set by the teacher. Allow thermal equilibrium and record pressure against kelvin temperature. Never heat an improvised sealed vessel.

suhu absolut: Suhu pada skala kelvin
gas ideal: Model gas dengan asumsi penyederhanaan tertentu

Structure 1.2 · Atom inti

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 1.3 · Konfigurasi elektron

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 1.4 · Menghitung partikel berdasarkan massa: mol

The SI unit of amount of substance.
Calculate the amount available for each reactant and divide by its coefficient. The smaller ratio limits the reaction. Use that reactant to calculate the maximum product before comparing actual yield.
Write the balanced equation first, include units in molar masses, then convert each given mass or solution volume into amount. Convert cubic centimetres to cubic decimetres before using concentration in moles per cubic decimetre.

mol: Satuan SI untuk jumlah zat
pereaksi had: Reaktan yang membatasi jumlah produk yang mungkin terbentuk

Structure 1.5 · Gas ideal

Temperature on the kelvin scale.
At fixed amount and volume, pressure is proportional to kelvin temperature. At fixed temperature and amount, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. State which quantities are fixed before choosing a relationship.
Use approved apparatus with a temperature range and pressure limit set by the teacher. Allow thermal equilibrium and record pressure against kelvin temperature. Never heat an improvised sealed vessel.

suhu absolut: Suhu pada skala kelvin
gas ideal: Model gas dengan asumsi penyederhanaan tertentu

Structure 2.1 · Model ionik

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 2.2 · Model kovalen

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 2.3 · Model logam

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 2.4 · Dari model ke material

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 3.1 · Tabel periodik: klasifikasi unsur

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
To explain a bulk property, name the structure, particles, forces and mobile charge carriers. Simple molecular substances can have strong covalent bonds inside molecules but weak attractions between molecules.
Compare substances using evidence such as melting point, conductivity when solid and molten, and solubility. One property rarely proves a structure; use a pattern of evidence.

ikatan ionik: Daya tarik antara ion bermuatan berlawanan
elektron terdelokalisasi: Elektron yang tidak terbatas pada satu atom atau ikatan

Structure 3.2 · Gugus fungsi: klasifikasi senyawa organik

An atom group determining characteristic reactions.
Distinguish addition, substitution, oxidation and polymerization by tracing bonds before and after reaction. Conditions and reagents belong to the reaction arrow; they are not interchangeable labels.
Draw displayed or structural formulae with the correct number of bonds at each carbon. Use a carbon count to check a proposed synthesis. At advanced level, track reagents and conditions through multistep routes.

gugus fungsi: Kelompok atom yang menentukan reaksi karakteristik
isomer: Senyawa yang memiliki rumus sama tetapi berbeda struktur

Reactivity 1.1 · Pengukuran perubahan entalpi

Transferring energy to the surroundings.
Use energy transferred = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change. Convert joules to kilojoules before dividing by reaction amount. An exothermic molar enthalpy change has a negative sign.
Use insulation and a lid, measure starting temperatures consistently, stir, and record a temperature-time series. Estimate the reaction temperature from an appropriate extrapolation rather than ignoring cooling during measurement.

eksotermik: Pemindahan energi ke lingkungan sekitar
perubahan entalpi: Perubahan panas pada tekanan tetap untuk proses yang dinyatakan

Reactivity 1.2 · Siklus energi dalam reaksi

Transferring energy to the surroundings.
Use energy transferred = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change. Convert joules to kilojoules before dividing by reaction amount. An exothermic molar enthalpy change has a negative sign.
Use insulation and a lid, measure starting temperatures consistently, stir, and record a temperature-time series. Estimate the reaction temperature from an appropriate extrapolation rather than ignoring cooling during measurement.

eksotermik: Pemindahan energi ke lingkungan sekitar
perubahan entalpi: Perubahan panas pada tekanan tetap untuk proses yang dinyatakan

Reactivity 1.3 · Energi dari bahan bakar

Assessment across production, use and disposal.
Define the functional unit before comparing products. The same delivered service, such as carrying one litre of water a hundred times, is fairer than comparing one object with another regardless of lifetime.
List system boundaries, energy sources and assumptions. Compare water demand, emissions and waste separately before making a judgement. Explain whose priorities affect the decision and where the data are uncertain.

penilaian siklus hidup: Penilaian sepanjang proses produksi, penggunaan, dan pembuangan
satuan fungsional: Layanan umum yang digunakan untuk perbandingan yang adil

Reactivity 2.1 · Seberapa banyak? Jumlah perubahan kimia

The SI unit of amount of substance.
Calculate the amount available for each reactant and divide by its coefficient. The smaller ratio limits the reaction. Use that reactant to calculate the maximum product before comparing actual yield.
Write the balanced equation first, include units in molar masses, then convert each given mass or solution volume into amount. Convert cubic centimetres to cubic decimetres before using concentration in moles per cubic decimetre.
The volume delivered between two burette readings.
Calculate the known amount first, apply the stoichiometric ratio, then divide by the unknown solution volume in cubic decimetres. Use concordant titres as required by the school method and report the accepted values.
Rinse the burette with its solution and the pipette with the solution it transfers. Rinse the flask with distilled water. Add titrant slowly near the endpoint, swirl, and read the meniscus at eye level. Use a white tile and appropriate eye protection.

mol: Satuan SI untuk jumlah zat
pereaksi had: Reaktan yang membatasi jumlah produk yang mungkin terbentuk
titre: Volume yang ditransfer antara dua pembacaan buret
titik kesetaraan: Titik penyelesaian reaksi stoikiometri

Reactivity 2.2 · Seberapa cepat? Laju perubahan kimia

The energy barrier for a reaction pathway.
A product-time graph has a steeper gradient where rate is larger. A tangent estimates instantaneous rate; a secant gives average rate over an interval. The final plateau reflects the total collected product under the stated conditions.
For gas production, check apparatus for leaks, start timing consistently and record volume at regular intervals. Keep concentration, reactant amount and surface area controlled when changing temperature.

energi pengaktifan: Penghalang energi untuk jalur reaksi
laju: Perubahan kuantitas terukur per satuan waktu

Reactivity 2.3 · Sejauh mana? Luas perubahan kimia

A state with equal forward and reverse reaction rates.
A concentration or pressure change disturbs the balance. The system responds toward a new equilibrium. Temperature changes can also change the equilibrium constant; a catalyst changes how quickly equilibrium is reached.
State the balanced equation and whether the forward reaction is exothermic before predicting a temperature effect. Count gas coefficients when considering pressure; pressure has no composition effect when gaseous amounts are equal on both sides.

kesetimbangan: Keadaan dengan laju reaksi maju dan mundur yang sama
reaksi boleh balik: Reaksi yang dapat berlangsung dalam kedua arah

Reactivity 3.1 · Reaksi perpindahan proton

The volume delivered between two burette readings.
Calculate the known amount first, apply the stoichiometric ratio, then divide by the unknown solution volume in cubic decimetres. Use concordant titres as required by the school method and report the accepted values.
Rinse the burette with its solution and the pipette with the solution it transfers. Rinse the flask with distilled water. Add titrant slowly near the endpoint, swirl, and read the meniscus at eye level. Use a white tile and appropriate eye protection.

titre: Volume yang ditransfer antara dua pembacaan buret
titik kesetaraan: Titik penyelesaian reaksi stoikiometri

Reactivity 3.2 · Reaksi perpindahan elektron

Loss of electrons.
Predict products using the specified electrolyte and electrode material. In an aqueous solution, hydrogen or oxygen may form because water-related species compete. Molten salts contain only the ions of the salt.
Use a low-voltage direct-current supply, approved electrodes, and the school risk assessment. Collect gases only by an approved method. Keep chlorine demonstrations teacher-controlled; do not ask students to generate hazardous gases independently.

pengoksidaan: Kehilangan elektron
reduksi: Perolehan elektron

Reactivity 3.3 · Reaksi berbagi elektron

An atom group determining characteristic reactions.
Distinguish addition, substitution, oxidation and polymerization by tracing bonds before and after reaction. Conditions and reagents belong to the reaction arrow; they are not interchangeable labels.
Draw displayed or structural formulae with the correct number of bonds at each carbon. Use a carbon count to check a proposed synthesis. At advanced level, track reagents and conditions through multistep routes.

gugus fungsi: Kelompok atom yang menentukan reaksi karakteristik
isomer: Senyawa yang memiliki rumus sama tetapi berbeda struktur

Reactivity 3.4 · Reaksi berbagi pasangan elektron

An atom group determining characteristic reactions.
Distinguish addition, substitution, oxidation and polymerization by tracing bonds before and after reaction. Conditions and reagents belong to the reaction arrow; they are not interchangeable labels.
Draw displayed or structural formulae with the correct number of bonds at each carbon. Use a carbon count to check a proposed synthesis. At advanced level, track reagents and conditions through multistep routes.

gugus fungsi: Kelompok atom yang menentukan reaksi karakteristik
isomer: Senyawa yang memiliki rumus sama tetapi berbeda struktur

Practical · Program eksperimen

A quantified limitation on a measured result.
For a product or quotient, adding fractional uncertainties is a common maximum-uncertainty approximation. For a difference, add absolute uncertainties. A nonzero intercept can reveal an offset or an incomplete model.
Show units on axes and choose a sensible scale. Plot uncertainty bars where justified, draw a best-fit line rather than joining every point, and estimate steepest and shallowest plausible gradients when the course method calls for them.

ketidakpastian: Keterbatasan terkuantifikasi pada hasil pengukuran
kesalahan sistematis: Bias pengukuran yang konsisten

Menyiapkan diri untuk kualifikasi ini

Structure and reactivity replace the old topic/option model. Entropy and spontaneity is AHL; all other topics still require exact SL/AHL statement separation from the guide.
Paper 1A MCQ + 1B experimental/data work, Paper 2 short/extended responses; SL 1.5/1.5 h, HL 2/2.5 h; weights 36%/44%. Scientific investigation 20%, 3,000 words.
Practical work 20 h plus collaborative sciences project 10 h and investigation 10 h; use the current chemistry data booklet.

Cakupan pengajaran masih diperlukan

Full 2025 SL understanding and guidance statements are not established by the brief. Focus cases do not cover complete bonding, acid-base, mechanism or spectroscopy objectives.
Full experimental-technique objectives and current data booklet need acquisition.