Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE

Biologi

Papers, sampel, dan dokumen kurikulum untuk kursus ini.

Kode kualifikasi: 4BI1

Soal masa lalu terbaru

18 pasangan soal dan skema nilai

Jelajahi kertas soal dan kunci jawaban →

Lembaran kerja, lembar latihan, dan salindia

Dokumen topik yang dibagikan mempertahankan judul kursus dan topik sumbernya. Gunakan spesifikasi dewan ujian pilihan Anda untuk cakupan, tingkatan, dan persyaratan ujian.

Lembar kerja · Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Biology (5)

Lembar latihan · Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Biology (14)

Salindia presentasi · Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Biology (5)

Salindia panduan latihan · Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Biology (14)

Panduan pengajaran · Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Biology (1)

Keterampilan Praktis

Lembar kerja · Biologi IGCSE (21)

Lembar latihan · Biologi IGCSE (76)

Salindia presentasi · Biologi IGCSE (21)

Salindia panduan latihan · Biologi IGCSE (132)

Unit kursus dan tujuan pembelajaran

Pelajaran ini mengajarkan tujuan kursus tertentu. Periksa kesenjangan cakupan yang tersisa; materi ini bukan program persiapan lengkap.

Pelajaran →Latihan kosakata →

1 · Sifat dan keanekaragaman organisme hidup

Image length divided by actual length.
A scale bar provides a known real distance in the same image. Convert the image length and real length to the same unit before dividing. Magnification is a ratio and has no unit.
Focus a prepared slide at low power first. Move to a higher power and use fine focus. Make a clear line drawing, label structures with straight lines, and record the scale rather than shading the image.

pembesaran: Panjang gambar dibagi dengan panjang sebenarnya
resolusi: Kemampuan untuk membedakan dua titik yang berdekatan

2 · Struktur dan fungsi pada organisme hidup

Net water movement through a partially permeable membrane.
Use percentage change to compare samples with different initial masses. A zero percentage change estimates a solution concentration with no net water movement. This is an estimate from a trend, not proof that water molecules stop moving.
Use equal-length cylinders from similar tissue, fixed solution volume, temperature and immersion time. Blot each cylinder in the same way before weighing. Repeat each concentration and plot mean percentage change against concentration.
A biological catalyst.
Measure rate using product formed per unit time or a fixed endpoint. For an endpoint test, 1/time is a rate proxy if the same amount of product or substrate change defines the endpoint each time.
For starch digestion, equilibrate enzyme and starch in a water bath, control pH with buffer, mix measured volumes, and test samples with iodine at fixed intervals. Use a clean spot for each test. Do not put iodine into the reaction mixture.
Breakdown of large food molecules.
Absorption moves soluble products into blood or lymph. Thin exchange surfaces and a large surface area shorten diffusion paths and increase transfer. Enzyme activity and transport are different processes.
Use Benedict reagent with controlled heating for reducing sugars, iodine for starch, Biuret reagent for protein, and the ethanol emulsion test for lipids. Keep ethanol away from flames. Use positive and negative controls.
A factor whose shortage restricts rate.
Change only one factor when testing a limiting factor. At low light, extra light may increase rate. At a plateau, the changed factor is no longer the main limit in that range; the graph alone does not identify which other factor is limiting.
Measure collected gas volume over a fixed time instead of assuming all bubbles have the same volume. Control temperature, plant size and carbon dioxide supply. Allow the plant to adjust before each reading and repeat.
Cell reactions that transfer energy from substrates.
Anaerobic respiration releases less energy per glucose than aerobic respiration. In human muscles it produces lactic acid; in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. Breathing supplies oxygen but is not itself respiration.
A respirometer can measure oxygen uptake when carbon dioxide is absorbed. Control temperature with a water bath and use a comparison containing inert material. Keep absorbent separated from organisms and follow the school risk assessment.
Maintenance of suitable internal conditions.
When blood glucose is high, insulin helps increase glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. When it is low, glucagon supports release of glucose from stores. These responses are coordinated, not identical effects of two hormones.
Interpret a time graph by identifying the initial disturbance, the response and the return toward the normal range. Mark the delay before a response. Do not assume a graph shows an instantaneous correction.

osmosis: Gerak bersih air melalui membran semipermeabel
variabel kontrol: Faktor yang dijaga tetap konstan untuk perbandingan yang adil
enzim: Katalisator biologis
denaturasi: Perubahan struktural yang mengganggu fungsi
pencernaan: Pemecahan molekul makanan yang besar
penyerapan: Pergerakan produk larut ke dalam tubuh
faktor pembatas: Faktor yang kekurangannya membatasi laju
fotosintesis: Pembentukan karbohidrat yang didorong oleh cahaya
respirasi: Reaksi seluler yang mentransfer energi dari substrat
ATP: Molekul yang menggabungkan transfer energi dalam sel
homeostasis: Pemeliharaan kondisi internal yang sesuai
umpan balik negatif: Respon yang berlawanan dengan perubahan awal

3 · Reproduksi dan pewarisan

A variant of a gene.
In a simple monohybrid cross Aa × Aa, gametes carry A or a. Combining independent gametes gives AA, Aa, Aa and aa. The predicted probabilities describe many possible fertilizations, not a fixed order of children.
Write parental genotypes and gametes before making the grid. State the inheritance model and phenotype key. Use a pedigree to check consistency with a model; do not infer certainty from a small family alone.

alel: Varian dari sebuah gen
genotipe: Alel yang dibawa oleh suatu organisme

4 · Ekologi dan lingkungan

A defined area used for sampling.
Estimate total abundance by multiplying mean density by area, with consistent units. This assumes sampled areas represent the habitat. Patchiness and too few samples widen uncertainty.
Choose coordinates with random numbers before visiting the patches. Record quadrat area and counting rules. For a transect, use fixed distances and measure a relevant abiotic variable. Do not damage habitats or sample unsafe locations.

kuadrat: Area terdefinisi yang digunakan untuk pengambilan sampel
populasi: Organisme satu spesies dalam area terdefinisi

5 · Pemanfaatan sumber daya biologis

An agent that causes disease.
After vaccination, memory cells can support a faster secondary response. Antibiotic resistance arises through heritable variation and selection; an individual bacterium does not choose to become resistant because it needs to survive.
Use published infection data to compare rates per equal population size. Distinguish prevalence at a time from new cases over a period. In school, use safe simulations or approved cultures rather than collecting unknown pathogens.

patogen: Agen yang menyebabkan penyakit
antigen: Struktur yang dikenali oleh respons imun spesifik

Menyiapkan diri untuk kualifikasi ini

This is linear 4BI1, not the separately coded modular qualification.
Paper 1B: 110 marks, 2 h, 61.1%; Paper 2B: 70 marks, 1 h 15 min, 38.9%. No Foundation/Higher tiers.
Retain every B-suffixed objective: it distinguishes separate Biology from Double Award; practical methods are assessed in writing.

Cakupan pengajaran masih diperlukan

Characteristics of life, groups and specified pathogen examples need full coverage.
Full plant/human transport, gas exchange, excretion and coordination objectives, including B-suffixed separate-science statements, remain.
Plant/human reproduction, DNA/protein synthesis and selection objectives including B extensions remain.
Cycles, pollution and organism interdependence require complete statement mapping.
Food production, fish farming, fermentation, genetic modification and cloning need dedicated coverage; infection case covers microbiological evidence only.