SQL injection

When input becomes a command

• Many apps build a database query by gluing the user's input into a string. That is dangerous.
• If an attacker types SQL as their input, it can become part of the query. This is SQL injection — the most famous web attack.

See the attack

• Imagine a login that checks ... WHERE name = '<whatever you typed>'.
• An attacker types ' OR '1'='1 as the name. The query becomes:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '' OR '1'='1';

• '1'='1' is always true, so the database returns every user. The login is bypassed. Run it and see.

The fix: parameterised queries

• Never glue user input into SQL. Use parameterised queries (also called prepared statements).
• The database treats the input strictly as a value, never as code — so ' OR '1'='1 is just a (failed) name to look up.
• Also apply least privilege: the web app's database account should only do what it needs.

Your turn

• Below, write a precise, safe query that returns only bob by his id. That is the spirit of a parameterised lookup.

Covers: A-Level data security; web application security.

Common mistakes

• Never build a query by joining raw user input into the text.
• Use parameterised queries so input can never change the query.